Characteristic distribution of livestock manure and warning analysis of environmental carrying capacity based on the consumption of cultivated land in China
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摘要: 为加快畜禽养殖行业粪污资源化利用,促进畜牧业可持续发展,及时掌握畜禽粪便的特征分布,对有效防控养殖区域环境的污染尤为重要。目前多数畜禽粪便污染研究都是基于省市区域尺度,而进行全国尺度的研究相对较少。本文运用排污系数法,以中国畜牧年鉴数据为计算基础,估算出2016年全国31个省份畜禽粪便的产生量、污染物产生量及污染物流失量。在此基础上,分析全国2016年畜禽粪便的排放分布特征,并将不同畜种的粪尿产生量统一换算为猪粪当量,计算出单位耕地面积猪粪当量承载负荷及预警值,参照相关标准得到2016年全国各省所对应的预警级别。结果表明:2016年全国畜禽粪便总产生量为246 836万t,其中牛粪产量最多,家禽粪产生量最少;所研究的31个省份中四川省、河南省、山东省的粪便产生量较多。假设产生的粪便可以利用当年的有效耕地消纳,则2016年31个省份畜禽粪便平均单位耕地面积猪粪当量承载力负荷为19.55,单位耕地面积猪粪当量预警均值为0.49。本文所测算的31个省份中大部分省份预警值处于无环境威胁预警级别(Ⅰ级),但北京市处于有环境威胁预警级别(Ⅲ级),西藏自治区处于很严重环境威胁预警级别(Ⅵ级),青海处于严重环境威胁预警级别(Ⅴ级)。根据计算得出的预警级别,各省应根据自身情况充分利用畜禽粪便资源,尤其是在预警值较高地区应及时做好畜禽养殖总量控制及污染防控。Abstract: In order to speed up the utilization of excrement and waste resources in the livestock and poultry breeding industry, and to promote the sustainable development of animal husbandry, it is particularly important to timely grasp the characteristic distribution of excrement and waste for effectively preventing and controlling environmental pollution in the breeding area. At present, most of the researches focus on livestock and poultry feces pollution, based on the level of provinces and cities, while the researches on the national scale are relatively few. In this paper, manure production, pollutant production and pollutant loss in the livestock and poultry industry in 2016 were estimated with the pollution factor method and based on the calculation of China Animal Husbandry Yearbook data. The pig feces equivalent bearing load and early warning, and the value per unit cultivated land area were calculated on the basis of the above analysis and by converting feces and urine produced by different kinds of livestock into pig feces equivalent. Furthermore, the corresponding early warning level of 31 provinces in 2016 was obtained by referring to relevant standards. The results showed that in 2016, the total amount of livestock and poultry manure was 2 468 million tons, of which cattle manure was the most and poultry manure was the least; among the 31 provinces studied, Sichuan Province, Henan Province and Shandong Province had relatively more manure. Assuming that the manure could be effectively consumed by the farmland in the same year, the bearing capacity load of pig feces equivalent per unit cultivated area in 2016 was 19.55; and the early warning value of pig feces equivalent per unit cultivated area was 0.49. Most of the 31 provinces measured in this paper were at level Ⅰ, among which Beijing was at level Ⅲ, Tibet was at level Ⅵ, and Qinghai was at level Ⅴ. According to the result of early warning level, each province should make full use of the livestock and poultry manure according to its own situation. Timely control of the total amount of livestock and poultry breeding, and pollution prevention and control measures should be taken in areas with high early warning value.
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表 1 不同种类畜禽粪便日排放系数及污染物参数[16]
Table 1. Daily pollutant discharge coefficients and pollutants parameters of different species of livestock and poultry[16]
污染物
Pollutant牛粪
Cow dung牛尿
Cow urine猪粪
Pig manure猪尿
Pig urine羊粪
Sheep manure家禽粪
Poultry dung排放系数Excretion coefficient (kg∙d–1) 20.00 10.00 2.00 3.30 2.60 化学需氧量Chemical oxygen demand (kg∙t–1) 31.00 6.00 52.00 9.00 4.63 45.65 总氮Total nitrogen (kg∙t–1) 4.37 8.00 5.88 3.30 7.50 10.42 总磷Total phosphorus (kg∙t–1) 1.18 0.40 3.41 0.52 2.60 5.79 表 2 畜禽粪便污染物进入水体的流失率[16]
Table 2. Loss rates of manure pollutants of livestock and poultry entering water bodies[16]
% 污染物
Pollutant牛粪
Cow dung牛尿
Cow urine猪粪
Pig manure猪尿
Pig urine羊粪
Sheep manure化学需氧量Chemical oxygen demand 6.16 5.58 5.50 8.59 50.00 总氮Total nitrogen 5.68 5.34 5.30 8.47 50.00 总磷Total phosphorus 5.50 5.25 5.20 8.42 50.00 指标
Index牛粪
Cow dung牛尿
Cow urine猪粪
Pig manure猪尿
Pig urine羊粪
Sheep manure家禽粪
Poultry dung氮百分含量Percentage of nitrogen (%) 0.45 0.80 0.65 0.33 0.80 1.37 换算系数Conversion factor 0.69 1.23 1.00 0.57 1.23 2.10 警报值Alarm value <0.4 0.4~0.7 0.7~1.0 1.0~1.5 1.5~2.5 > 2.5 级别Grade Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ 对环境的威胁性
Threat to environment无
None稍有
Not obvious有
Obvious较严重
Serious严重
More serious很严重
Extremely serious表 5 2016年中国31个省(市、自治区)畜禽粪便中主要污染物总含量及流失量
Table 5. Total contents and loss amounts of major pollutants in livestock and poultry manure of 31 provinces (cities or autonomousregions) of China in 2016
×104 t 指标
Index化学需氧量Chemical oxygen demand 总氮Total nitrogen 总磷Total phosphorus 含量Content 流失量Loss 含量Content 流失量Loss 含量Content 流失量Loss 猪粪Pig manure 1 418 79 160 9 93 5 猪尿Pig urine 405 202 148 74 23 12 牛粪Cow dung 2 346 145 331 19 89 5 牛尿Cow urine 227 114 303 151 15 8 羊粪Sheep manure 132 7 21 1 74 4 家禽粪Poultry dung 1 483 127 338 29 188 16 合计Total 6 011 674 1 302 283 483 49 表 6 中国31省(市、自治区)耕地消纳畜禽粪便负荷及预警
Table 6. Loads and early warning grade of livestock and poultry manure consumption of cultivated land in each province (city, autonomous region) of China
地区
Province耕地面积
Arable land
(hm2)畜禽粪便猪当量
Pig manure equivalent
(×104t)耕地畜禽粪便猪当量负荷
Pig manure equivalent load of cultivated land of livestock and poultry manure (t∙hm–2∙a–1)耕地理论最大适宜污染物承载量
Theory maximum suitable pollutant load of cultivated land
(t∙hm2)单位面积耕地猪粪当量负荷警报值
Load alarm value of pig manure equivalent per unit area of arable land单位面积耕地猪粪当量负荷级别
Load level of pig manure per unit area of cultivated land北京市
Beijing City151 360 513.68 33.94 45 0.75 Ⅲ 天津市
Tianjin City479 170 661.85 13.81 45 0.31 Ⅰ 河北省
Hebei Province8 716 640 8 612.63 9.88 45 0.22 Ⅰ 山西省
Shanxi Province3 720 810 2 826.61 7.60 45 0.17 Ⅰ 内蒙古自治区
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region7 921 900 11 004.60 13.89 45 0.31 Ⅰ 辽宁省
Liaoning Province4 064 100 7 809.22 19.22 45 0.43 Ⅱ 吉林省
Jilin Province5 676 320 4 994.80 8.80 45 0.20 Ⅰ 黑龙江省
Heilongjiang Province12 426 540 6 346.89 5.11 45 0.11 Ⅰ 上海市
Shanghai City294 700 262.20 8.90 30 0.30 Ⅰ 江苏省
Jiangsu Province7 676 920 4 956.31 6.46 30 0.22 Ⅰ 浙江省
Zhejiang Province2 274 440 1 475.11 6.49 30 0.22 Ⅰ 安徽省
Anhui Province8 893 610 5 122.25 5.76 30 0.19 Ⅰ 福建省
Fujian Province2 327 310 2 635.99 11.33 30 0.38 Ⅰ 江西省
Jiangxi Province5 560 670 5 432.40 9.77 30 0.33 Ⅰ 山东省
Shandong Province10 973 180 13 041.43 11.88 45 0.26 Ⅰ 河南省
Henan Province14 472 320 17 346.63 11.99 45 0.27 Ⅰ 湖北省
Hubei Province7 843 510 8 010.21 10.21 30 0.34 Ⅰ 湖南省
Hunan Province8 793 280 10 964.89 12.47 30 0.42 Ⅱ 广东省
Guangdong Province4 830 830 6 296.08 13.03 30 0.43 Ⅱ 广西壮族自治区
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region6 145 310 7 549.52 12.29 30 0.41 Ⅱ 海南省
Hainan Province823 260 1 354.60 16.45 30 0.55 Ⅱ 重庆市
Chongqing3 600 740 3 965.34 11.01 30 0.37 Ⅰ 四川省
Sichuan Province9 728 610 16 441.57 16.90 30 0.56 Ⅱ 贵州省
Guizhou Province5 596 810 5 863.74 10.48 30 0.35 Ⅰ 云南省
Yunnan Province7 164 460 9 966.37 13.91 30 0.46 Ⅱ 西藏自治区
Tibet Autonomous Region257 900 4 817.02 186.78 45 4.15 Ⅵ 陕西省
Shaanxi Province4 276 920 3 210.88 7.51 45 0.17 Ⅰ 甘肃省
Gansu Province4 253 840 5 570.07 13.09 45 0.29 Ⅰ 青海省
Qinghai Province561 330 4 271.54 76.10 45 1.69 Ⅴ 宁夏回族自治区
Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region1 275 240 1 414.72 11.09 45 0.25 Ⅰ 新疆维吾尔自治区
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region5 867 520 5 892.51 10.04 45 0.22 Ⅰ 平均值
Average19.55 0.49 -
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