Effect of sowing date, planting density, and nitrogen application on dry matter accumulation, transfer, distribution, and yield of wheat
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摘要: 为明确播期、播量和施氮量对小麦产量形成的影响，于2016-2017年和2017-2018年两个小麦生长季，采用3因素裂区试验设计，以播期为主区[10月12日播种（适播，ST）和11月12日播种（晚播，LT）]，播量为裂区[2.25×106株·hm-2（M1）、3.00×106株·hm-2（M2）和3.75×106株·hm-2（M3）]，每个播量设置3个施氮量[纯N 150 kg·hm-2（N1）、225 kg·hm-2（N2）和300 kg·hm-2（N3）]，研究播期、播量和施氮量对小麦干物质积累、转运和分配及产量的影响。结果表明，播期、播量和施氮量3因素互作显著影响了小麦产量及其构成要素、氮素利用效率、干物质积累量、花前干物质转运、花后干物质积累以及成熟期干物质在各器官中的分配。其中，ST处理显著提高了开花期群体干物质量、成熟期干物质量、花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒的贡献率；小麦穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量显著高于LT处理。在ST和LT处理条件下，M2和M3处理有效穗数、开花期干物质量和成熟期干物质量显著高于M1，M2处理穗粒数、花后干物质量及其对籽粒的贡献率、单茎中籽粒重量及其在单茎中所占比例较高，显著高于M1和M3。N3处理的有效穗数、开花期群体干物质量、成熟期干物质量和花后干物质量及其对籽粒的贡献率显著高于N1和N2。在ST处理条件下M1、M2处理和LT处理条件下所有播量处理均以N3的穗粒数、千粒重和单茎籽粒干重及其在单茎中所占比例较高。本试验条件下，增施氮肥和适当增大播量有利于小麦产量的提高。小麦‘安农大1216’在10月12日播种，播种密度3.00×106株·hm-2、施氮量为300 kg·hm-2时可以获得较好的产量。Abstract: To clarify the regulation mechanism of sowing date, planting density, and nitrogen application on yield, a three-factor fracture zone-test design was adopted. The sowing dates were October 12 and November 12 (represented as ST and LT, respectively); the planting densities were 2.25×106 plants·hm-2, 3.00×106 plants·hm-2, and 3.75×106 plants·hm-2 (represented as M1, M2, and M3, respectively); and nitrogen fertilizers were applied at three rates to each planting density (pure N 150 kg·hm-2, 225 kg·hm-2, and 300 kg·hm-2, represented as N1, N2, and N3, respectively). The effects of different sowing dates, planting densities, and nitrogen application rates on dry matter accumulation, transfer and yield of 'Annongda 1216' were studied. The interaction of sowing date, planting density, and nitrogen application rate significantly affected yield and its components, nitrogen use efficiency, dry matter accumulation, dry matter transfer before anthesis, dry matter accumulation after anthesis, and dry matter distribution at maturity. Under the ST condition, the dry matter accumulation amount at anthesis and maturity, dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis and its contribution to grain, spike number, kernel number per spike, 1000-grain weight, and yield were significantly higher than those under LT condition. Under the ST and LT conditions, the spike number, dry matter accumulation amount at anthesis and maturity under the M2 and M3 treatments were significantly higher than those under the M1 treatment. On the other hand, the grain number per spike, dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis and its contribution to grain, grain weight and its proportion under the M2 treatment were significantly higher than those under the M1 and M3 treatments. The spike number, dry matter accumulation amount at anthesis and maturity, dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis and its contribution to grain under the N3 treatment were significantly higher than those under the N1 and N2 treatments. The grain number per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain weight and its proportion at maturity stage in the M1 and M2 treatments under the ST condition and all planting density treatments under LT condition were significantly higher than those under the N1 and N2 treatments. Under the conditions of this experiment, applying nitrogen fertilizer and increasing planting densities appropriately were beneficial to increase grain yield. 'Annongda 1216' sown on October 12 at a density of 3.00×106 plants·hm-2 with a nitrogen application rate of 300 kg·hm-2 showed a higher yield.
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Key words:
- Wheat /
- Sowing date /
- Planting density /
- Nitrogen application rate /
- Dry matter accumulation and transfer /
- Yield /
- N use efficiency
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图 1 2016—2017年和2017—2018年不同播期、播量和施氮量处理下小麦开花期(A)和成熟期(B)群体干物质量
ST和LT分别为适播和晚播; M1、M2和M3分别表示播种量为2.25×106株·hm-2、3.00×106株·hm-2和3.75×106株·hm-2; N1、N2和N3分别表示施纯N量为150 kg·hm-2、225 kg·hm-2和300 kg·hm-2。不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平差异显著。ST and LT mean sowing on suitable date and late date; M1, M2 and M3 mean planting density of 2.25×106 plants·hm-2, 3.00×106 plants·hm-2 and 3.75×106 plants·hm-2; N1, N2 and N3 mean N application of 150 kg·hm-2, 225 kg·hm-2 and 300 kg·hm-2, respectively. Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among treatments at 0.05 level.
Figure 1. Dry matter accumulation amount at anthesis stage (A) and maturity stage (B) of wheat under different treatments of sowing date, planting density and N application in 2016-2017 and 2017-2018
图 2 2016—2017年和2017—2018年不同播期、播量和施氮量处理下小麦花前干物质转移量(A)、花后干物质积累量(B)及其对籽粒的贡献率
□为花前干物质转运量和花后干物质积累量对籽粒的贡献率。ST和LT分别为适播和晚播; M1、M2和M3分别表示播种量为2.25×106株·hm-2、3.00×106株·hm-2和3.75×106株·hm-2; N1、N2和N3分别表示施纯N量为150 kg·hm-2、225 kg·hm-2和300 kg·hm-2。不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平差异显著。□ is the contribution rate of dry matter transfer and accumulation of before and after flower to grain. ST and LT mean sowing on suitable date and late date; M1, M2 and M3 mean planting density of 2.25×106 plants·hm-2, 3.00×106 plants·hm-2 and 3.75×106 plants·hm-2; N1, N2 and N3 mean N application of 150 kg·hm-2, 225 kg·hm-2 and 300 kg·hm-2, respectively. Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among treatments at 0.05 level.
Figure 2. Dry matter transfer before anthesis (A) and accumulation after anthesis (B) and their contribution rate to grains of wheat under different treatments of sowing date, planting density and N application in 2016-2017 and 2017-2018
图 3 2016—2017年和2017—2018年小麦产量与花前干物质转运量(A)和花后干物质积累量(B)对籽粒贡献率的关系
Figure 3. Relationship between yield and contribution rate to grains of dry matter transfer before anthesis(A) and dry matter accumulation after anthesis (B) in 2016-2017 and 2017-2018
表 1 试验年度试验田播种前土壤养分含量
Table 1. Soil nutrient contents before sowing in the test field in the experimental years
年份
Year有机质
Organic matter
(g·kg-1)全氮
Total N
(g·kg-1)碱解氮
Available N
(mg·kg-1)速效磷
Available P
(mg·kg-1)速效钾
Available K
(mg·kg-1)2016—2017 12.98 0.93 74.67 6.82 195.20 2017—2018 17.69 1.07 89.98 7.97 206.26 
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表 2 2016-2017年和2017-2018年不同播期、播量和施氮量处理下小麦产量及其构成因素和氮素利用效率
Table 2. Wheat yield and its components and N use efficiency under different treatments of sowing date, planting density and nitrogen application in 2016- -2017 and 2017-2018
表 3 2016—2017年和2017—2018年播期、播量和施氮量互作对小麦开花期和成熟期干物质积累影响的显著性(F值)
Table 3. Significance analysis (F value) of interactive effects of sowing date, planting density and N application on the dry matter accumulation at anthesis and maturity stages of wheat in 2016-2017 and 2017-2018
开花期Anthesis stage 成熟期Maturity stage 2016—2017 2017—2018 2016—2017 201—2018 播期×播量Sowing date × planting density 46.017** 271.605** 56.066** 257.954** 播期×施氮量Sowing date × N application 221.321** 118.124** 270.569** 94.953** 播量×施氮量Planting density × N application 47.282** 212.485** 64.754** 150.114** 播期×播量×施氮量Sowing date × planting density × N application 33.777** 125.443** 35.113** 42.693** **表示0.01水平影响显著。** means significant effect at 0.01 level.
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表 4 2016—2017年和2017—2018年播期、播量和施氮量互作对小麦花前干物质转运量和花后干物质积累量影响的显著性(F值)
Table 4. Significance analysis (F value) of interactive effects of sowing date, planting density and N application on dry matter transport beforeanthesis and dry matter accumulation after anthesis of wheat in 2016-2017 and 2017-2018
花前干物质转运量
Dry matter transfer before anthesis花后干物质积累量
ry matter accumulation after anthesis2016—2017 2017—2018 2016—2017 201—2018 播期×播量Sowing date × planting density 46.017** 271.605** 56.066** 257.954** 播期×施氮量Sowing date × N application 221.321** 118.124** 270.569** 94.953** 播量×施氮量Planting density × N application 47.282** 212.485** 64.754** 150.114** 播期×播量×施氮量Sowing date × planting density × N application 33.777** 125.443** 35.113** 42.693** **表示0.01水平影响显著。** means significant effect at 0.01 level.
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表 5 2016-2017年和2017-2018年不同播期、播量和施氮量处理下小麦成熟期干物质在各器官中的分配量和比例
Table 5. Distribution amounts and rates of dry matter in different organs at maturity stage of wheat under different treatments of sowing date, planting density and N application in 2016-2017 and 2017-2018
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