Effect of capital endowment on farmers' decision-making in protecting cultivated land in a rice-growing area:An empirical study based on a double-hurdle model
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摘要: 水稻优生区农户对耕地实施保护性耕作的决策行为对于水稻产量及品质具有重要影响。本文基于农户资本禀赋视角，将农户资本禀赋分为人力资本禀赋、经济资本禀赋、自然资本禀赋和社会资本禀赋，借助水稻优生区宁夏青铜峡394户农户的微观数据，运用双栏模型将农户参与耕地保护决策行为划分为参与意愿和参与程度两个决策行为阶段，实证分析了水稻优生区农户资本禀赋对其参与耕地保护决策行为的影响，以期为科学制定水稻优生区耕地保护相关政策、保障农业绿色经济发展提供参考和借鉴。研究表明：1）绝大多数农户愿意参加耕地保护行为，但其从事耕地保护的支付意愿相对较低，愿意参加耕地保护的农户占73.86%，而平均支付意愿仅为3 100.65元·hm-2；2）人力资本禀赋（文化程度和农业培训）、经济资本禀赋（家庭收入和农机投入）以及社会资本禀赋（社会关系和社会参与）对农户耕地保护参与意愿和参与程度均为正向影响，自然资本禀赋（耕地禀赋和破碎程度）对农户耕地保护参与意愿有正向影响，对参与程度有负向影响；3）耕地保护重要性认知仅对农户耕地保护参与意愿有促进作用，而耕地保护政策了解程度对农户耕地保护参与意愿和参与程度均有促进作用。最后，提出建立健全耕地保护经济补偿政策、积极组建各类农业合作社和耕地保护组织以及培养新型农民、加大稻作区耕地保护宣传力度等政策建议。Abstract: Improving the fertility of cultivated land and promoting green development of agriculture are strategic choices for rural revitalization strategies. As a direct part of cultivated land utilization, farmers' decision-making regarding farmland protection directly affects green agricultural production and food safety. Oryza sativa is one of the most important food crop varieties in China. This study divided farmers' capital endowment into 4 facets:human capital, economic capital, natural capital, and social capital endowments. Using survey microdata from 394 households in Qingtongxia (one of China's high-yield, high-quality rice areas), a double-hurdle model was employed to distinguish farmers' decision-making of participation in farmland protection into two stages, participation willingness and degree of participation. The influence of capital endowment on participation in cultivated land protection decision-making in this rice-growing area was then assessed. The objective of this study was to provide references for scientifically formulating relevant policies for arable land protection in rice-growing areas and ensuring the development of a green agricultural economy. The results showed that:1) most farmers were willing to participate in farmland protection, but their willingness to pay for farmland protection was relatively low. The proportion of farmers willing to participate in the protection of cultivated land was 73.86%, but the average amount they were willing to pay was only 3 100.65¥·hm-2. 2) Capital endowment had a strong correlation with the farmers' willingness to participate in farmland protection and degree of participation. Specifically, human capital endowment (education level and agricultural training), economic capital endowment (household income and agricultural machinery input), and social capital endowment (social relationship and social participation) had positive effects on the farmers' willingness and the degree of participation in farmland protection. Natural capital endowment (farmland endowment and degree of fragmentation) had a positive impact on the farmers' willingness to participate in farmland protection and a negative impact on their degree of participation. 3) Awareness of the importance of cultivated land protection only promoted the farmers' willingness to participate in the protection of cultivated land, whereas the degree of understanding of cultivated land protection policy promoted both the farmers' willingness to participate in the protection of cultivated land and their degree of participation. Farmers' awareness of farmland protection and their degree of policy understanding had positive effects on their willingness to participate in the protection of cultivated land as well as their degree of participation. Some suggestions had been put forward, including establishing and improving economic compensation policies for farmland protection; encouraging farmers to actively invest in environmentally friendly technologies for sustainable development of green agricultural production, thereby enhancing the participation of farmers in the protection of cultivated land; actively setting up agricultural cooperatives and farmland protection organizations to promote the collective protection and control of arable land; further improving the rural education and training system to instruct new farmers about the development of green agriculture; strengthening publicity for farmland protection in rice-growing areas; and promoting the correct interpretation of rural grassroots organizations' and farmers' policies on farmland protection, thus raising the farmers' support for these policies.
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图 1 农户参与耕地保护决策行为的理论分析框架
Figure 1. Theoretical analysis framework of farmers' decision-making behavior of protecting cultivated land
表 1 宁夏水稻优生区样本分布
Table 1. Sample distribution in rice-growing area of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
样本分布
Sample distribution青铜峡镇
Qingtongxia Town瞿靖镇
Qujing Town叶盛镇
Yesheng Town大坝镇
Daba Town邵岗镇
Shaogang Town样本数
Samples48 56 65 108 117 
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表 2 宁夏水稻优生区样本农户基本特征
Table 2. Basic characteristics of sample farmers households in rice-growing area of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
统计指标
Statistical indicator分类指标
Classification indicator样本量
Sample size比例
Proportion
(%)性别
Gender男Male 266 67.51 女Female 128 32.49 年龄
Age< 30 6 1.52 30~40 31 7.87 40~50 95 24.11 50~60 130 33.00 > 60 132 33.50 文化程度
Education level小学及以下Primary school or below 184 46.70 初中Junior high school 166 42.13 高中、中专Senior high school 39 9.90 大专及以上College and above 5 1.27 家庭人口数
Family population1~2 117 29.70 3~5 235 59.64 > 5 42 10.66 耕地面积
Cultivated area
(hm2)< 0.33 60 15.23 0.33~0.67 127 32.23 0.67~1.00 145 36.80 > 1.00 62 15.74 家庭年收入
Annual household income
(×104¥)< 5 112 28.43 5~10 155 39.34 10~15 76 19.29 > 15 51 12.94
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表 3 农户参与耕地保护决策行为的变量界定及描述性统计
Table 3. Variable definition and descriptive statistics of farmers' decision-making behavior of protecting cultivated land
变量类型
Variable type变量
Variable变量说明
Variable description变量界定
Variable definition均值
Mean标准差
Standard deviation因变量Dependent variable 参与意愿
Willingness是否愿意参与耕地保护
Farmland protection willingness愿意=1;不愿意=0
Yes = 1; no = 00.734 0.443 参与程度
Participation degree愿意投入多少资金
Capital quantity invested on farmland protection¥∙hm-2 3 100.65 4 691.222 自变量Independent variable 人力资本禀赋
Human capital劳动能力
Labor ability家庭劳动力数量
Number of household labors2.576 1.056 文化程度
Educational level受教育程度
Education level小学及以下=1;初中=2;高中、中专和职高=3;大专及以上=4
Primary school or below = 1; junior high school = 2; senior high school = 3; college and above=41.660 0.696 农业培训
Agricultural training是否参加过农技培训
Participating agricultural technology training是=1;否=0
Yes = 1; no = 00.221 0.415 经济资本禀赋
Economic capital家庭收入
Household income家庭年收入
Annual household income104 ¥∙hm-2 8.566 5.964 农机投入
Agricultural machinery input农用机械工具数量
Number of agricultural machinery tools0.916 0.762 自然资本禀赋
Natural capital耕地禀赋
Farmland endowment人均耕地面积
Cultivated area per capitahm2∙cap.-1 0.230 0.108 破碎程度
Fragmentation耕地破碎程度
Cultivated land fragmentation耕地面积/地块数
Cultivated area / plots number0.302 0.112 社会资本禀赋
Social capital社会关系
Social relationship亲戚中是否有村干部
Related to village cadres是=1;否=0
Yes = 1; no = 00.122 0.328 社会网络
Social network手机联系人数量
Number of contacts59.287 82.013 借钱难易程度
Borrow money非常容易=1;容易=2;一般=3;不容易=4;非常不容易=5
Very easy = 1; easy = 2; general = 3; difficult = 4; very difficult = 52.563 1.810 社会参与
Social participation参与社区兴趣活动
Community activities次数
Times12.018 7.365 是否参加农业合作社
Participating agricultural cooperatives是=1;否=0
Yes = 1; no = 00.096 0.296 控制变量
Control variable耕地保护重要性认知
Cognition of the importance of cultivated land protection很不重要=1;不重要=2;一般=3;重要=4;非常重要=5
Very unimportant = 1; unimportant = 2; general = 3; important = 4; very important = 54.292 0.954 耕地保护政策了解程度
Cultivated land protection policy understanding很不了解=1;不了解=2;一般=3;了解=4;非常了解=5
Very ignorant = 1; not understand = 2; general = 3; understandable = 4; very understandable = 53.046 1.437 随着农业劳动力的老龄化, 老龄劳动力在农业生产中不容忽视, 因此家庭劳动力数量包含65岁以上参加农业耕作的老龄劳动力。With the aging of the agricultural labor force, the old labors cannot be ignored in agricultural production. Therefore, the number of household labors includes the labors over 65 years old.
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表 4 宁夏水稻优生区农户参与耕地保护支付意愿程度累计频率分布
Table 4. Cumulative frequency distribution of the willingness of farmers to participate in cultivated land protection in rice-growing area of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
序号
Sequence number支付意愿程度
Willingness to pay (¥∙hm-2)绝对频次
Absolute frequency (persons)调整频度
Adjusted frequency (%)累计频度
Cumulative frequency (%)1 < 750 60 20.62 20.62 2 [750, 1 500) 57 19.59 40.21 3 [1 500, 2 250) 61 20.96 61.17 4 [2 250, 3 000) 5 1.72 62.89 5 [3 000, 3 750) 40 13.75 76.63 6 [3 750, 4 500) 1 0.34 76.97 7 [4 500, 5 250) 24 8.25 85.22 8 [5 250, 6 000) 1 0.34 85.57 9 [6 000, 7 500) 6 2.06 87.63 10 [7 500, 15 000) 24 8.25 95.88 11 > 15 000 12 4.12 100.00 12 合计 291 100.00 — 调整频度为区间支付意愿样本数占支付意愿样本总数(291)的百分比。The adjusted relative frequency is the percentage of farmers’ number willing to pay for the interval of the total farmer numbers willing to pay (291).
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表 5 资本禀赋对宁夏水稻优生区农户劳动力数量影响的多重共线性检验结果
Table 5. Multi-collinearity test results of the influence of capital endowment on the labor force of farmers in rice-growing area of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
被解释变量
Explained variable解释变量
Explanatory variables共线性统计量Collinear statistic VIF 膨胀因子Expansion factor 劳动力数量
Labor number人均耕地面积Cultivated area per cap. 1.45 0.69 手机联系人数量Number of contacts 1.39 0.71 是否参加农业合作社Participating agricultural cooperatives 1.33 0.75 是否参加过农技培训Participating agricultural technology training 1.31 0.76 受教育程度Education level 1.30 0.77 亲戚中是否有村干部Related with village cadres 1.25 0.80 家庭年收入Annual household income 1.25 0.80 耕地破碎程度Cultivated land fragmentation 1.15 0.87 农用机械工具数量Number of agricultural machinery tools 1.14 0.87 参与社区兴趣活动Community activities 1.11 0.90 借钱难易程度Borrow money 1.08 0.93 平均Mean 1.25
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表 6 基于双栏模型的资本禀赋对宁夏水稻优生区农户参与耕地保护决策行为影响的实证结果
Table 6. Empirical results of the influence of capital endowment based on double-hurdle model on farmers' participation in cultivated land protection decision-making behavior in rice-growing area of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
变量类型
Variable type变量
Variable参与意愿
Willingness to participation参与程度
Participation degree系数
Coefficient标准误
Standard error系数
Coefficient标准误
Standard error人力资本禀赋
Human capital家庭劳动力数量Number of household labors -0.066 0 0.089 2 -0.117 4 0.088 1 受教育程度Education level 0.2411* 0.145 7 0.223 8** 0.100 2 是否参加过农技培训
Participating agricultural technology training0.054 0 0.238 1 0.321 8** 0.162 6 经济资本禀赋
Economic capital家庭年收入Annual household income -0.006 9 0.017 9 0.038 8** 0.016 3 农用机械工具数量
Number of agricultural machinery tools0.248 9** 0.125 7 -0.048 2 0.079 8 自然资本禀赋
Natural capital人均耕地面积Cultivated area per cap. 0.091 5** 0.040 0 -0.005 2 0.0122 耕地破碎程度Cultivated land fragmentation -0.052 1 0.057 8 -0.043 1* 0.023 4 社会资本禀赋
Social capital亲戚中是否有村干部Related with village cadres 1.161 8** 0.539 0 0.025 4 0.173 6 手机联系人数量Number of contacts -0.000 8 0.001 3 0.000 9 0.000 7 借钱难易程度Borrow money -0.041 8 0.044 7 -0.046 8 0.034 9 参与社区兴趣活动Community activities 0.018 4 0.013 3 0.006 6 0.008 2 是否参加农业合作社
Participating agricultural cooperatives1.079 8* 0.623 6 0.532 0** 0.237 2 控制变量
Control variable耕地保护重要性认知
Cognition of the importance of cultivated land protection0.618 5*** 0.083 1 -0.119 2 0.097 1 耕地保护政策了解程度
Cultivated land protection policy understanding0.124 6** 0.060 8 0.198 1*** 0.047 1 常数项Constant term -3.018 2*** 0.512 6 4.529 8*** 0.502 2 样本量Sample size 394 对数似然值Log likelihood value -1 760.904 2 Wald卡方值Wald value 176.69*** ***、**、*分别表示在1%、5%、10%的统计水平上显著。***, ** and * mean significance at the statistical levels of 1%, 5% and 10%, respectively.
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