稻虾共作模式的“双刃性”及可持续发展策略

曹凑贵; 江洋; 汪金平; 袁鹏丽; 陈松文

doi:10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.170739

稻虾共作模式的“双刃性”及可持续发展策略

doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.170739

曹凑贵^{1, 2, ,},
江洋¹,
汪金平^{1, 2},
袁鹏丽¹,
陈松文¹

1.
华中农业大学农业部长江中游作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室武汉 430070
2.
长江大学主要粮食作物产业化湖北省协同创新中心荆州 434025

基金项目:

国家重点研发专项 2017YFD0301400

和湖北省自然基金创新群体项目 2016CFA017

详细信息

作者简介:
曹凑贵, 主要研究方向为农业生态与可持续耕作制度。E-mail:ccgui@mail.hzau.edu.cn

中图分类号: S344.9
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2017-07-29
- 录用日期: 2017-08-14
- 刊出日期: 2017-09-01

"Dual character" of rice-crayfish culture and strategies for its sustainable development

1.
Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation(The Middle Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
2.
Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China

Funds:

the State Key Special Program 2017YFD0301400

Hubei Natural Science Foundation 2016CFA017

More Information

Corresponding author: CAO Cougui, E-mail:ccgui@mail.hzau.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 近年来，稻虾[水稻-克氏原螯虾（小龙虾）]共作模式由于其较高的综合效益而在全国范围内得以大力发展。其中以湖北省稻虾共作发展最为迅速，面积大，技术也较为成熟，并形成了"潜江模式"。本文介绍了稻虾共作模式的特点及其发展情况，以湖北省稻虾共作模式为研究对象，采用产业调查，结合试验示范和定位试验，研究了稻虾共作模式的生产和生态效应，重点分析了稻虾共作模式的"双刃性"。稻虾共作模式的"双刃性"主要体现在（1）稳粮增效，但同时存在重虾轻稻的现象：稻虾共作模式较传统水稻单作模式可增产4.63%~14.01%，改善稻米品质，但部分稻虾共作模式中忽略水稻的管理，导致水稻产量偏低；（2）提高土壤肥力，但同时加剧了土壤次生潜育化：稻虾共作模式土壤中易氧化态有机碳（ROC）、全氮、全磷、全钾含量要高于传统水稻单作模式，但稻虾共作模式土壤颜色偏暗，土壤结构更为紧密，潜育化明显；（3）涵养水源，但同时可能增加水资源消耗：稻虾共作模式中地下水位高的稻田水分利用率提高，储水功能增强，但地下水位低的稻田可能增加50%~80%的耗水量；（4）减肥减药、提高水体养分含量，但同时增加了水体富营养化的风险：稻虾共作模式肥料和农药成本分别降低了79.5%和50.0%，稻虾共作模式田面水的全氮、全磷含量及硝态氮、氨态氮含量均高于水稻单作；（5）虫害减轻，但某些病害加重，同时生物多样性发生变化：稻虾共作模式螟虫发生减轻，但基腐病加重，生物多样性随共作年限先降低后又增高。根据以上现状与问题，本研究提出了稻虾共作的模式优化及建议，如因地制宜，避免盲目发展；研究标准，规范化发展；优化模式，科学水肥调控；因势利导，防治病虫草害，为稻虾共作模式的可持续发展提供依据。
- 稻虾共作 /
- 水稻产量 /
- 土壤肥力 /
- 水体质量 /
- 病虫草害 /
- 生物多样性
Abstract: Rice-crayfish culture has been greatly developed in China in recent years due to its high comprehensive benefits. Especially, rice-crayfish culture has been rapidly developed in Hubei Province, where has a large area and proven technique of rice-crayfish culture, and developed the "Qianjiang Mode". In this paper, we introduced the characteristics and the development of rice-crayfish culture, and studied the production and ecological effects of rice-crayfish culture in Hubei Province by investigation, demonstration and long-term experiment. And the "dual character" of rice-crayfish culture was illuminated. The "dual character" of rice-crayfish culture was mainly reflected by the following phenomena. (1) Rice-crayfish culture stabilized food synergy, but favored crayfish over rice. Rice yield of rice-crayfish culture was increased by 4.63%-14.01% compared with conventional rice culture, and the rice quality was improved. But sometimes the rice yield was decreased due to the poor management for rice. (2) Rice-crayfish culture improved the soil fertility, but aggravated the soil gleization. The contents of readily oxidizable organic carbon (ROC), total N, total P and total K in soil of rice-crayfish field were higher than those of conventional rice field, but soil color was darker, structure was tighter, the gleization was obvious. (3) The rice-crayfish culture conserved water, but in some cases increased water consumption. The water use efficiency and water conserving capacity in field with high groundwater level were higher, but water consumption was increased by 50%-80% in field with low groundwater level. (4) The rice-crayfish culture decreased fertilizers and pesticides application, increased water nutrient con-centration, but also increased the risk of water eutrophication. The costs of fertilizers and pesticides were decreased by 79.5% and 50.0%, respectively. The total N, total P, nitrate-N and ammonia-N concentrations were higher in the surface water of rice-crayfish field. (5) The pests amounts were deceased, but some disease occurrence increased and biodiversity changed in rice-crayfish field. The lepidoptera pests were decreased, but the basal rot was heavier, and the biodiversity was decreased firstly, then increased by years in rice-crayfish culture. Finally, we made some suggestions for improving the rice-crayfish culture, such as adjusting managements to local conditions and decreasing blindness, standardizing development, optimizing pattern and regulating water and fertilizer utilization, and scientific control of disease, pests and weed. These suggestions may ensure the sustainable development of rice-crayfish culture.
- Rice-crayfish culture /
- Rice yield /
- Soil fertility /
- Water quality /
- Diseases, weeds and pests /
- Biodiversity

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图 1 稻虾共作田间工程示意图

Figure 1. Field layout of rice-crayfish culture system

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图 2 稻虾共作模式示意图

Figure 2. Diagram for rice-crayfish culture system

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图 3 湖北省及重点县市稻虾共作面积变化

Figure 3. Changes of areas of rice-crayfish culture in Hubei Province and typical city (county)

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图 4 2016年湖北省稻虾共作田不同水稻品种产量差异

Figure 4. Yields of different rice varieties in rice-crayfish culture field in 2016 in Hubei Province

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图 5 稻虾共作田与水稻单作田的土壤剖面

RC5、RC2和R分别为稻虾共作5年、2年和0年(水稻单作)。

Figure 5. Soil profiles of rice-crayfish culture and conventional rice culture

RC5 and RC2 mean rice-crayfish culture for 5 and 2 years of rice-crayfish culture. R means conventional rice culture.

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图 6 稻虾共作与水稻单作的土壤脲酶(A)和过氧化氢酶(B)活性

RC10、RC5、RC2和R分别为稻虾共作10年、5年、2年和0年(水稻单作)。

Figure 6. Activities of soil urease (A) and hydrogen peroxidase (B) of rice-crayfish field and conventional rice field

RC10, RC5 and RC2 mean rice-crayfish culture for 10, 5 and 2 years of rice-crayfish culture. R means conventional rice culture.

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图 7 稻虾共作系统与水稻单作系统的水循环

Figure 7. Water cycle of rice-crayfish culture and conventional rice culture

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图 8 稻虾共作与水稻单作的成本投入

Figure 8. Cost inputs of rice-crayfish culture and conventional rice culture

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图 9 稻虾共作与水稻单作田面水中养分含量

Figure 9. Nutrients concentrations in surface water of rice-crayfish field and conventional rice field

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图 10 稻虾共作田杂草数量随共作年限的变化

Figure 10. Change of weeds quantities in rice-crayfish field with years

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图 11 稻虾共作系统物种丰富度的变化

Figure 11. Change of species richness in rice-crayfish culture system

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表 1 不同稻虾处理模式对水稻产量及品质的影响

Table 1. Effect of different treatments of rice-crayfish culture on rice yield and quality

处理 Treatment		产量Yield		品质Quality
处理 Treatment		产量 Yield (t·hm^-2)	增产 Increasing rate (%)	垩白率 Chalky percentage (%)	垩白度 Chalky ratio (%)
稻虾共作 Rice-crayfish culture	F+NSR	9.6a	14.01	20.8c	6.6c
	F+SR	9.43a	12.00	19.8c	7.6bc
	NF+NSR	8.96ab	6.41	27.2b	8.2b
	NF+SR	8.81b	4.63	23.8bc	7.1c
水稻单作Conventional rice culture		8.42b	—	30.3a	9.7a
F:投放饵料; NF:不投放饵料; SR:秸秆还田; NSR:秸秆不还田。同列不同小写字母表示在P < 0.05水平差异显著。F: crayfish feeding; NF: non crayfish feeding; SR: straw return; NSR: non-straw return. Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant differences at P < 0.05 level.

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表 2 稻虾共作与水稻单作土壤活性有机碳库和营养物质含量

Table 2. Soil labile organic carbon pool and nutrients contents of rice-crayfish culture and conventional rice culture

处理 Treatment	活性有机碳Labile organic carbon pool		养分Nutrient
处理 Treatment	易氧化态有机碳 Readily oxidizable organic carbon (mg·kg^-1)	溶解性有机碳 Dissolved organic carbon (mg·kg^-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	全磷 Total phosphorus (g·kg^-1)	全钾 Total potassium (g·kg^-1)
稻虾共作 Rice-crayfish culture	5.55a	110.5b	1.01a	1.11a	13.20a
水稻单作 Conventional rice culture	3.43b	138.5a	0.32b	1.02b	11.45b
同列不同小写字母表示在P < 0.05水平上差异显著。Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant differences at P < 0.05 level.

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表 3 不同年限稻虾共作稻田病虫害发生情况

Table 3. Pests and diseases occurrence in rice-crayfish fields cultured for different years

稻虾共作年限 Rice-crayfish year (a)	稻飞虱数量 Planthopper (individuals·m^-2)	枯心率 Dead heart rate (%)	卷叶率 Roled leaf rate (%)	蜘蛛数量 Spider (individuals·m^-2)	稻曲病株数 False smut (plants·m^-2)	基腐病发病率 Basal rot rate (%)
0	380	5.2	9.8	20	24	5.2
1	634	3.2	5.4	22	22	5.6
2	350	1.9	4.9	20	20	17.8
3	0	0.5	10.7	25	3	19.3
6	0	0.8	2.2	28	7	28.9

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表 4 稻虾共作田和水稻单作田二化螟幼虫越冬基数

Table 4. Over-wintering cardinal larvae numbers of Chilo suppressalis in rice-crayfish field and conventional rice field

时间 Time	调查点1 Location 1		调查点2 Location 2		调查点3 Location 3
时间 Time	水稻单作 Conventional rice culture	稻虾共作 Rice-crayfish culture	水稻单作 Conventional rice culture	稻虾共作 Rice-crayfish culture	水稻单作 Conventional rice culture	稻虾共作 Rice-crayfish culture
冬前Before wintere	27A	13B	12A	5B	23A	13B
冬后After winter	21A	0B	9A	0B	19A	0B
同一调查点同行不同大字母表示不同稻作模式在P < 0.01水平差异显著。Different capital letters mean significant differences at P < 0.01 level between conventional rice culture and rice-crayfish culture within one location.

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表 5 稻虾共作田和水稻单作田昆虫数量

Table 5. Insects numbers in rice-crayfish field and conventional rice field

稻虾共作年限 Rice-crayfish years (a)	植食性昆虫 Herbivorous insects (individuals·m^-2)	捕食性昆虫 Predatory insects (individuals·m^-2)	中性昆虫 Neutral insects (individuals·m^-2)	寄生性昆虫 Parasitic insects (individuals·m^-2)	总数 Total amount (individuals·m^-2)
0	21.0cd	6.3cd	24.0b	1.3c	52.6b
1	20.3de	5.0de	20.0cd	0.3e	45.6c
2	18.7e	4.1e	18.0d	0.7d	41.5c
3	23.3bc	7.0c	21.7c	1.5bc	53.5b
4	25.4b	9.0b	32.0a	1.7b	68.1a
9	29.3a	11.7a	31.3a	2.3a	74.6a

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