Nutrient release patterns and decomposition characteristics of different crop straws in drylands and paddy fields
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摘要: 以水稻、小麦、玉米秸秆和油菜、蚕豆青秆为研究对象，采用尼龙网袋法，研究了不同秸秆翻埋入旱地和水田后的腐解特性及养分释放规律，以期为紫色丘陵区农业秸秆循环利用和秸秆还田技术提供理论依据。结果表明：秸秆翻埋还田后，5种供试秸秆腐解速率均表现为前期（0~60 d）快、后期（60~360 d）慢。经过360 d的腐解，旱地秸秆累积腐解率为52.88%~75.80%，表现为油菜 > 水稻 > 玉米 > 小麦 > 蚕豆趋势，且蚕豆青秆累积腐解率显著低于其余秸秆；水田中秸秆累积腐解率为45.01%~62.12%，表现为水稻 > 玉米 > 小麦 > 油菜 > 蚕豆趋势。5种秸秆在旱地和水田中养分释放率均表现为钾 > 磷 > 氮 > 碳，在试验终点，旱地中秸秆碳、氮、磷和钾释放率分别为65.50%~87.37%、54.64%~69.72%、89.65%~98.96%和79.92%~96.63%，且油菜秸秆养分释放率高于其他4种秸秆；水田中秸秆碳、氮、磷、钾释放率变幅分别为49.95%~69.57%、32.89%~77.11%、90.70%~96.80%、77.45%~90.47%。总体表现为秸秆在旱地土壤中的累积腐解率和养分释放率均大于水田，旱地油菜和水稻秸秆较易腐解，水田水稻和玉米秸秆较易腐解释；秸秆中钾素释放速率较高。Abstract: To provide theoretical basis for crop straws recycling and straw use in agricultural fields, the characteristics of decomposition and release of nutrients of different crop straws[rice, wheat, corn, rapeseed (green stalk) and broad bean (green stalk)] were studied using the nylon net bag method in drylands and paddy fields. The results showed that the decomposition rate of straw was high at the early phase (0-60 d) which then dropped at the later phase (60-360 d). After 360 d, the cumulative decomposition rates of straw were 52.88%-75.80% and 45.01%-62.12% in drylands and paddy fields, respectively. The cumulative decomposition rate of broad bean was significantly lower than that of other crops in the two fields. Furthermore, rapeseed and rice decomposed faster in drylands and paddy fields. At the endpoint of the experiment, the sequence of nutrient release rate of straw in the two fields was K > P > N > C. The rate of carbon release by rice, corn, wheat, rapeseed and broad bean straws was up to 87.37% in dryland and 69.57% in paddy field. The rates of carbon release by rapeseed and rice were significantly higher than those of other crop straws in dryland and paddy field. The average rate of nitrogen release by the five straws tracked the following trend:broad bean (69.72%) > rice (68.45%) > rapeseed (63.60%) > corn (57.28%) > wheat (54.64%) in dryland. The rate of nitrogen release by broad bean was the highest (77.11%) in the paddy field. The rates of release of phosphorus by straw were 89.65%-98.96% and 90.70%-96.80% in dryland and paddy field, respectively. Then the rate of release of phosphorus by wheat was persistently lower than that of any other straw in both fields. The rate of release of potassium by rapeseed was respectively 20.91%, 5.84%, 6.67% and 5.19% higher than that of wheat, rice, corn and broad bean in dryland. Also the rate of release of potassium by wheat was significantly lower than the others. Overall, the decomposition and nutrient release rates in dryland were higher than those in paddy field. Rapeseed green straw in dryland, and rice and maize straws in paddy field were more easily decomposed than other crops straws. The release rate of potassium was highest in all the tested elements.
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Key words:
- Crop straw /
- Decomposition characteristic /
- Nutrients release /
- Dryland /
- Paddy field
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图 1 不同作物秸秆在旱地(a)和水田(b)中腐解率的变化特征
XM: 小麦秸秆; SD: 水稻秸秆; YM: 玉米秸秆; YC: 油菜青秆; CD: 蚕豆青秆。XM: wheat straw; SD: rice straw; YM: corn straw; YC: rapeseed green stalk; CD: broad bean green stalk.
Figure 1. Variations of straw decomposition rates of different crops straws in dryland (a) and paddy field (db)
图 2 不同秸秆在旱地(a)和水田(b)中碳释放率的变化特征
XM: 小麦秸秆; SD: 水稻秸秆; YM: 玉米秸秆; YC: 油菜青秆; CD: 蚕豆青秆。XM: wheat straw; SD: rice straw; YM: corn straw; YC: rapeseed green stalk; CD: broad bean green stalk.
Figure 2. Variations of carbon release rates of different crops straws in dryland (a) and paddy field (b)
图 3 不同秸秆在旱地(a)和水田(b)中氮释放率的变化特征
XM: 小麦秸秆; SD: 水稻秸秆; YM: 玉米秸秆; YC: 油菜青秆; CD: 蚕豆青秆。XM: wheat straw; SD: rice straw; YM: corn straw; YC: rapeseed green stalk; CD: broad bean green stalk.
Figure 3. Variations of nitrogen release rates of different crops straws in dryland (a) and paddy field (b)
图 4 不同秸秆在旱地(a)和水田(b)中磷释放率的变化特征
XM: 小麦秸秆; SD: 水稻秸秆; YM: 玉米秸秆; YC: 油菜青秆; CD: 蚕豆青秆。XM: wheat straw; SD: rice straw; YM: corn straw; YC: rapeseed green stalk; CD: broad bean green stalk.
Figure 4. Variations of phosphorus release rates of different crops straws in dryland (a) and paddy field (b)
图 5 不同秸秆在旱地(a)和水田(b)中钾释放率的变化特征
XM: 小麦秸秆; SD: 水稻秸秆; YM: 玉米秸秆; YC: 油菜青秆; CD: 蚕豆青秆。XM: wheat straw; SD: rice straw; YM: corn straw; YC: rapeseed green stalk; CD: broad bean green stalk.
Figure 5. Variations of potassium release rates of different crop straws in dryland (a) and paddy field (b)
表 1 供试土壤基本理化性质
Table 1. Basic physical and chemical properties of the tested soil
土地利用方式 Land use pH 有机质 Organic matter (g·kg-1) 全氮 Total N (g·kg-1) 全磷 Total P (g·kg-1) 全钾 Total K (g·kg-1) 碱解氮 Available N (mg·kg-1) 有效磷 Available P (mg·kg-1) 速效钾 Available K (mg·kg-1) 旱地Dryland 6.3 14.8 1.40 0.729 14.9 60.3 41.2 217 水田 Paddy 7.1 20.4 1.08 0.432 19.2 86.2 6.21 57.2 
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表 2 供试秸秆基本性质
Table 2. Basic properties of the tested straw samples
秸秆样品 Straw sample 碳Carbon (g·kg-1) 氮Nitrogen (g·kg-1) 磷Phosphorus (g·kg-1) 钾Potassium (g·kg-1) 碳氮比 C/N 小麦秸秆 Wheat straw 452.8 3.77 2.36 2.07 120.11 水稻秸秆 Rice straw 395.6 6.56 4.27 16.84 60.30 玉米秸秆 Corn straw 418.9 6.14 6.02 18.48 68.22 蚕豆青秆 Broad bean green stalk 392.8 7.38 4.56 7.95 53.22 油菜青秆 Rapeseed green stalk 385.5 7.94 7.07 32.18 48.55
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表 3 作物种植时间及施肥量
Table 3. Planting time and fertilization rates of crops
作物 Crop 品种 Variety 种植时间(年-月-日) Planting time (year-month-day) 收获时间(年-月-日) Harvest time (year-month-day) 施肥量Fertilization rate (kg·hm-2) N P2O5 K2O 玉米 Corn 正大999 ZD999 2015-03-29 2015-08-12 225 112.5 112.5 油菜 Rapeseed 渝油28 YY 28 2014-11-17 2015-05-05 225 112.5 112.5 水稻 Rice Y两优1号 YLY 1 2014-05-15 2014-08-25 150 60 60 小麦 Wheat 川麦42 CM 42 2014-11-10 2015-05-02 135 60 60
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表 4 不同秸秆在旱地和水田中不同时间的腐解率差异显著性分析
Table 4. Significance of difference in decomposition rates of different crops straws at different times in dryland and paddy field
秸秆种类 Type of straws 旱地 Dryland 水田 Paddy field 10 d 30 d 60 d 90 d 150 d 240 d 360 d 10 d 30 d 60 d 90 d 150 d 240 d 360 d 小麦 Wheat Aa Ab Aa Bc Ad Aa Ab Aa Aa Ab Aa Ab Bc Bc 水稻 Rice Aa Ac Aa Aa Aa Ab Aa Aab Ab Aa Bab Be Bd Ba 玉米 Corn Aa Bd Bc Ab Ab Ab Ab Ab Aab Ac Aa Bc Ba Ab 油菜 Rapeseed Aa Aa Bb Ac Ac Ac Aa Aab Bb Ab Ab Bd Be Bc 蚕豆 Broad bean Aa Ab Ab Ac Be Bd Ac Aa Bc Ab Aab Aa Ab Bd 同列不同小写字母表示不同秸秆腐解率在0.05水平上差异性显著。相同秸秆和腐解时间下,同行不同大写字母表示秸秆在旱地和水田中腐解率在0.05水平上差异性显著。Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different straws at 0.05 level. For the same straws and decomposition time,dDifferent capital letters in the same line indicate significant differences between dryland and paddy field for the same straws at the same decomposition time at 0.05 level.
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表 5 不同秸秆在旱地和水田中不同时间碳释放率显著性差异分析
Table 5. Significance of difference in carbon release rates of different crops straws at different times in dryland and paddy field
秸秆种类 Type of straws 旱地 Dryland 水田 Paddy field 10 d 30 d 60 d 90 d 150 d 240 d 360 d 10 d 30 d 60 d 90 d 150 d 240 d 360 d 小麦 Wheat Aa Aa Aa Ac Ab Aa Ab Aab Aa Abc Aa Ba Bc Bc 水稻 Rice Aa Bc Ab Aab Ad Ac Ac Ab Aa Aa Aa Bd Bb Aa 玉米 Corn Ab Bc Ad Ab Ac Ab Abc Ac Ab Ad Aa Bc Ba Bb 油菜 Rapeseed Aa Ab Ab Aa Aa Ad Aa Abc Bc Bc Bb Be Bd Bc 蚕豆 Broad bean Aa Ad Ac Ac Be Be Ad Aa Bd Ab Aab Ab Ab Bd 同列不同小写字母表示不同秸秆腐解率在0.05水平上差异性显著。相同秸秆和腐解时间下,同行不同大写字母表示秸秆在旱地和水田中腐解率在0.05水平上差异性显著。Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different straws at 0.05 level. D For the same straws and decomposition time,different capital letters in the same line indicate significant differences between dryland and paddy field for the same straws at the same decomposition time at 0.05 level.
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表 6 不同秸秆在旱地和水田中不同时间氮释放率显著性差异分析
Table 6. Analysis onSignificance of difference of in nitrogen release rates of different crops straws at different times in dryland and paddy field
秸秆种类 Type of straws 旱地 Dryland 水田 Paddy field 10 d 30 d 60 d 90 d 150 d 240 d 360 d 10 d 30 d 60 d 90 d 150 d 240 d 360 d 小麦 Wheat Aa Aa Ab Ac Ab Ab Ad Aa Ab Ab Aab Ab Bc Bd 水稻 Rice Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Ab Aa Aa Aab Aab Aa Ab Ab Ab 玉米 Corn Aa Aa Ac Ab Ab Bc Ac Aa Aab Ac Aa Ab Ab Ac 油菜 Rapeseed Aa Ab Bc Ad Ac Ad Ab Aa Aa Abc Ab Ab Bd Be 蚕豆 Broad bean Aa Ba Aab Abc Ab Ba Ba Aa Aab Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa 同列不同小写字母表示不同秸秆腐解率在0.05水平上差异性显著。相同秸秆和腐解时间下,同行不同大写字母表示秸秆在旱地和水田中腐解率在0.05水平上差异性显著。Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different straws at 0.05 level. For the same straws and decomposition time,dDifferent capital letters in the same line indicate significant differences between dryland and paddy field for the same straws at the same decomposition time at 0.05 level.
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表 7 不同秸秆在旱地和水田中不同时间磷释放率显著性差异分析
Table 7. Analysis onSignificance of difference ofin phosphorus release rates of different crops straws at different times in dryland and paddy field
秸秆种类 Type of straws 旱地 Dryland 水田 Paddy field 10 d 30 d 60 d 90 d 150 d 240 d 360 d 10 d 30 d 60 d 90 d 150 d 240 d 360 d 小麦 Wheat Aa Ab Ab Bc Bc Be Ad Aab Aa Ab Ab Ab Ae Ae 水稻 Rice Aa Ab Aa Aab Aab Ac Ab Ab Aa Aab Ab Bb Bd Bd 玉米 Corn Aa Aab Aa Aab Aa Ab Ab Aab Aa Aab Aab Aab Aa Aa 油菜 Rapeseed Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Bb Bb 蚕豆 Broad bean Aa Aa Aa Ab Ab Bd Ac Aa Aa Aab Aa Aa Ac Bc 同列不同小写字母表示不同秸秆腐解率在0.05水平上差异性显著。相同秸秆和腐解时间下,同行不同大写字母表示秸秆在旱地和水田中腐解率在0.05水平上差异性显著。Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different straws at 0.05 level. For the same straws and decomposition time,dDifferent capital letters in the same line indicate significant differences between dryland and paddy field for the same straws at the same decomposition time at 0.05 level.
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表 8 不同秸秆在旱地和水田中不同时间钾释放率显著性差异分析
Table 8. Analysis on difference of potassium release rates of different crop straws at different times in dryland and paddy field
秸秆种类 Type of straws 旱地 Dryland 水田 Paddy field 10 d 30 d 60 d 90 d 150 d 240 d 360 d 10 d 30 d 60 d 90 d 150 d 240 d 360 d 小麦 Wheat Ab Ab Aa Ab Ab Ae Ad Ab Bb Bc Ab Ac Be Ad 水稻 Rice Ab Bb Aa Aa Aa Ad Ab Aab Ac Bb Aa Ab Bd Bb 玉米 Corn Ab Aab Aa Aa Aa Ac Ac Ab Abc Bd Aab Ac Bc Bc 油菜 Rapeseed Aa Ac Aa Ba Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Ac Ad Bb Ba 蚕豆 Broad bean Aab Ba Aa Aa Aa Bb Ab Aab Aa Bb Aa Aa Aa Ba 同列不同小写字母表示不同秸秆腐解率在0.05水平上差异性显著。相同秸秆和腐解时间下,同行不同大写字母表示秸秆在旱地和水田中腐解率在0.05水平上差异性显著。Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different straws at 0.05 level. For the same straws and decomposition time,dDifferent capital letters in the same line indicate significant differences between dryland and paddy field for the same straws at the same decomposition time at 0.05 level.
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