Effect of integrated rice-crayfish farming system on soil physico-chemical properties in waterlogged paddy soils
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摘要: 稻虾共作模式是一种以涝渍水田为基础，以种稻为中心，稻草还田养虾为特点的复合生态系统。本文通过10年（2005-2015年）定位试验，以中稻单作模式为对照，研究了稻虾共作模式对0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm和30~40 cm土层土壤理化性状以及水稻产量的影响；采用投入产出法，评估了稻虾共作模式的经济效益。结果表明，长期稻虾共作模式显著降低了15~30 cm土层的土壤紧实度，其在15 cm、20 cm、25 cm和30 cm处的土壤紧实度较中稻单作模式分别降低了20.9%、29.9%、24.8%和14.7%。长期稻虾共作模式提高了0~40 cm土层中>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体数量、平均质量直径和几何平均直径，但降低了0~20 cm土层的团聚体分形维数。相对于中稻单作模式，长期稻虾共作模式显著提高了0~40 cm土层有机碳、全钾和碱解氮含量，0~30 cm土层全氮含量，0~10 cm土层全磷和速效磷含量以及20~40 cm土层速效钾含量。稻虾共作模式显著降低了0~10 cm土层还原性物质总量，但提高了20~30 cm土层土壤还原性物质总量。稻虾共作模式的水稻产量较中稻单作模式显著提高，增幅为9.5%，其总产值、利润和产投比较中稻单作模式分别增加了46 818.0元·hm-2、40 188.0元·hm-2和100.0%。可见稻虾共作模式改善了土壤结构，增加了土壤养分，提高了水稻产量以及经济效益，但增加了10 cm以下土层潜育化的风险。Abstract: Integrated rice-crayfish system is a complex ecological system based on waterlogged paddy field cultivation characterized with crayfish fed by rice straw. Using rice monoculture system as the control, a 10-year (2005-2015) field experiment was conducted to study the effects of integrated rice-crayfish system on rice yield and soil physico-chemical properties at soil depths of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm and 30-40 cm. The economic benefit of integrated rice-crayfish system was evaluated using the input-output method. The results indicated that long-term integrated rice-crayfish system significantly reduced soil compaction at the 15-30 cm layer. The soil compaction in 15 cm, 20 cm, 25 cm and 30 cm soil was lower in integrated rice-crayfish system than in rice monoculture system by 20.9%, 29.9%, 24.8% and 14.7%, respectively. Long-term integrated rice-crayfish system increased soil water-stable aggregates (>0.25 mm) content, aggregate mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) in the 0-40 cm layer, but decreased aggregate fractal dimension (D) in the 0-20 cm layer. Compared with rice monoculture system, long-term integrated rice-crayfish system significantly increased the contents of soil organic carbon, total K and available N in the 0-40 cm layer, then total N in the 0-30 cm layer, total P and available P in the 0-10 cm layer and available K in the 20-40 cm layer. The total amount of reducing matter in the 0-10 cm soil layer of the long-term integrated rice-crayfish system was lower than that in the monoculture rice system, but it was higher in the 20-30 cm soil layer. Rice yield in integrated rice-crayfish system significantly increased by 9.5% than that in the monoculture rice system. The output, profit and ratio of output to input in integrated rice-crayfish system were higher than those in the monoculture rice system by 46 818.0 ￥·hm-2, 40 188.0 ￥·hm-2 and 100.0%, respectively. It was therefore clear that integrated rice-crayfish system improved soil structure, enhanced soil nutrient and increased rice yield and economic benefit. However, it also increased the risk of soil gleying in the 10 cm depth.
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表 1 稻虾共作模式对不同土层深度土壤紧实度的影响
Table 1. Effect of integrated rice-crayfish system on soil compaction in different soil layers
kPa 处理Treatment 土层深度Soil depth (cm) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 MR 165.42±43.37a 318.55±37.12a 589.07±64.67a 813.39±139.82a 903.72±97.58a 922.35±80.83a 897.99±132.63a 941.78±137.64a CR 156.53±30.72a 331.14±22.32a 462.06±79.38b 558.68±112.45b 672.27±69.06b 780.96±75.54b 850.23±74.11a 907.73±83.41a 同列数据后不同字母表示处理间差异达5%显著水平。CR:稻虾共作模式; MR:中稻单作模式。Values followed by different letters in a column are significantly different at 5% level. CR: integrated rice-crayfish system; MR: rice monoculture system. 
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表 2 稻虾共作模式对不同土层深度土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性指标的影响s
Table 2. Effect of integrated rice-crayfish system on the stability index of soil water-stable aggregate in different soil layers
土层深度Soil depth (cm) > 0.25 mm的团聚体数量(R0.25) Content of aggregate > 0.25 mm (%) 平均质量直径(MWD) Mean weight diameter (mm) 几何平均直径(GMD) Geometric mean diameter (mm) 分形维数(D) Fractal dimension MR CR MR CR MR CR MR CR 0~10 72.06±6.37a 78.23±6.18a 1.60±1.60b 2.0±0.31a 0.74±0.08b 1.04±0.12a 2.59±0.05a 2.58±0.03a 10~20 66.14±6.30a 72.54±8.34a 1.47±0.19a 1.67±0.17a 0.61±0.04a 0.76±0.08a 2.61±0.07a 2.58±0.02a 20~30 67.37±3.06a 69.28±4.22a 1.12±0.91a 1.49±0.26a 0.50±0.08a 0.62±0.07a 2.61±0.04a 2.61±0.05a 30~40 58.48±4.89a 67.81±3.44a 1.08±0.11b 1.45±0.14a 0.40±0.04b 0.59±0.01a 2.60±0.01a 2.59±0.05a CR:稻虾共作模式; MR:中稻单作模式。同行数据后不同字母表示处理间差异达5%显著水平。CR: integrated rice-crayfish system; MR: rice monoculture system. Values of the same index followed by different letters in a row are significantly different at 5% level.
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表 3 稻虾共作模式对不同土层深度土壤全量养分的影响
Table 3. Effect of integrated rice-crayfish system on soil total nutrients contents in different soil layers
土层深度Soil depth (cm) 有机碳Organic carbon (g×kg-1) 全氮Total N (g×kg-1) 全磷Total P (g×kg-1) 全钾Total K (g×kg-) C/N MR CR MR CR MR CR MR CR MR CR 0~10 15.66±148b 20.90±0.81a 1.94±0.22b 2.52±0.28a 0.41±0.01b 0.45±0.02a 1.73±0.25b 1.82±0.09a 8.09±0.18a 8.35±0.69a 10~20 14.15±0.86b 17.34±1.17a 1.70±0.13b 2.09±0.19a 0.40±0.02a 0.43±0.01a 1.76±0.19b 1.85±0.15a 8.34±0.32a 8.32±1.05a 20~30 11.50±1.28b 15.73±1.73a 1.44±0.12b 1.85±0.18a 0.38±0.02a 0.37±0.05a 1.71±0.34b 1.86±0.20a 7.98±0.37a 8.47±0.52a 30~40 7.72±0.87b 10.16±0.99a 0.94±0.07a 1.13±0.12a 0.34±0.03a 0.34±0.04a 1.73±0.56b 1.90±0.64a 8.17±0.47a 9.02±0.35a CR:稻虾共作模式; MR:中稻单作模式。同行数据后不同字母表示处理间差异达5%显著水平。CR: integrated rice-crayfish system; MR: rice monoculture system. Values of the same index followed by different letters in a row are significantly different at 5% level.
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表 4 稻虾共作模式对不同土层深度土壤pH和速效养分的影响
Table 4. Effect of integrated rice-crayfish system on soil pH and available nutrients contents in different soil layers
土层深度Soil depth (cm) pH 碱解氮Available N (mg×kg-1) 速效磷Available P (mg×kg-1) 速效钾Available K (mg×kg-1) MR CR MR CR MR CR MR CR 0~10 7.17±0.13a 7.29±0.04a 141.06±8.06b 188.75±26.09a 7.39±1.24b 10.10±0.54a 192.07±17.75a 189.64±6.71a 10~20 7.20±0.08a 7.34±0.04a 130.47±6.07b 167.33±16.12a 9.32±0.91a 8.64±1.11a 175.02±13.36a 184.36±6.33a 20~30 7.21±0.11a 7.38±0.06a 102.21±5.94b 146.80±24.15a 7.70±0.51a 8.31±1.19a 160.00±4.39b 184.36±6.45a 30~40 7.31±0.11a 7.45±0.05a 65.79±5.55b 89.41±9.97a 5.54±1.23a 5.83±0.69a 145.38±11.16b 178.68±2.81a CR:稻虾共作模式; MR:中稻单作模式。同行数据后不同字母表示处理间差异达5%显著水平。CR: integrated rice-crayfish system; MR: rice monoculture system. Values of the same index followed by different letters in a row are significantly different at 5% level.
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表 5 稻虾共作模式对不同土层深度土壤还原性物质的影响
Table 5. Effect of integrated rice-crayfish system on soil reducing substances contents in different soil layers
土层深度Soil depth (cm) Fe2+ (cmol·kg-1) Mn2+ (cmol·kg-1) 还原性物质总量Total amount of reducing substance (cmol·kg-1) MR CR MR CR MR CR 0~10 0.062±0.009b 0.075±0.005a 0.022±0.004a 0.018±0.003a 0.214±0.032a 0.131±0.014b 10~20 0.062±0.007b 0.100±0.010a 0.020±0.003a 0.023±0.004a 0.171±0.024a 0.184±0.024a 20~30 0.084±0.010a 0.097±0.009a 0.028±0.005a 0.025±0.005a 0.141±0.022b 0.286±0.513a 30~40 0.048±0.007b 0.073±0.009a 0.017±0.002a 0.020±0.002a 0.094±0.016a 0.122±0.019a CR:稻虾共作模式; MR:中稻单作模式。同行数据后不同字母表示处理间差异达5%显著水平。CR: integrated rice-crayfish system; MR: rice monoculture system. Values of the same index followed by different letters in a row are significantly different at 5% level.
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表 6 稻虾共作模式对水稻产量及经济效益的影响
Table 6. Effect of integrated rice-crayfish system on rice yield and economic benefit
处理
Treatment水稻Rice 克氏原鳌虾Procambarus clarkii 总产值
Total output value
(¥·hm-2)总投入
Total input value
(¥·hm-2)利润
Profit
(¥·hm-2)产投比
Ratio of
output to input产量
Yield
(kg·hm-2)产值
Output value
(¥·hm-2)投入
Input value
(¥·hm-2)产量
Yield
(kg·hm-2)产值
Output value
(¥·hm-2)投入
Input value
(¥·hm-2)MR 7 933.5±748.1b 19 040.4±1795.5b 9 075.0 - - - 19 040.4 9 075.0 9 965.4 2.1 CR 8 691.0±460.6a 20 858.4±1105.5a 9 075.0 2 250.0 45 000.0 6 630.0 65 858.4 15 705.0 50 153.4 4.2 CR:稻虾共作模式; MR:中稻单作模式。水稻季投入包括整地、育苗、化肥农药和收割等4项费用, 价格分别为1 275 ￥·hm-2、2 550￥·hm-2、4 350￥·hm-2和900 ￥·hm-2; 克氏原鳌虾养殖季投入包括虾苗、饲料和稻田工程改造折旧等3项费用, 价格分别为2 250￥·hm-2、3 000￥·hm-2和1 380￥·hm-2; 水稻按照2.4 ￥·kg-1计算, 克氏原鳌虾按照20 ￥·kg-1计算。同列数据后不同字母表示处理间差异达5%显著水平。CR: integrated rice-crayfish system; MR: rice monoculture system. Input value of rice season includes the expense of land preparation, grow seedling, fertilizer & pesticide and harvesting, whose prices are 1 275￥·hm-2, 2 550 ￥·hm-2, 4 350 ￥·hm-2 and 900 ￥·hm-2, respectively. Input value of Procambarus clarkiicultivation season includes the expense of young crayfish, feed and depreciation of paddy fields reconstruction, whose prices are 2 250￥·hm-2, 3 000￥·hm-2 and 1 380￥·hm-2, respectively. The price of rice is 2.4 ￥·kg-1, and the price of Procambarus clarkiiis 20￥·kg-1.
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