Research priority and main point of integrated nutrient management in crop-livestock system at the basin scale
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摘要: “农牧分离”加剧了种养系统的养分资源浪费和环境污染风险, 而种养一体化是促进养分循环和减少养分损失的重要途径。开展流域尺度种养系统养分管理研究可以将田块尺度的农牧业生产技术上升到流域尺度, 提高种养系统养分利用效率; 在生产优化的基础上, 还可以以流域环境阈值为卡口, 进一步实现养分环境减排; 在流域实行养分管理研究是种养系统大面积协同实现养分高效和环境减排的关键, 也可为农业绿色发展提供支撑。本文以长江流域为例, 综述了流域尺度种养一体化养分管理研究对农业绿色发展的重要意义、种养一体化养分管理的技术和模式以及基于种养系统资源环境代价的空间优化, 并提出未来流域尺度种养一体化养分管理和研究的重点。研究表明: 1)长江流域已有一系列种养一体化养分管理技术, “自下而上”地大面积推广应用, 可以实现增产增效, 减少养分环境排放。但部分地区种养系统养分承载力与环境排放量过高, 仅通过技术改进仍无法将养分损失控制在环境阈值以内, 还需“自上而下”地对流域种养产业进行优化布局。未来, 流域尺度种养系统养分管理研究应包括: 1)流域尺度种养系统养分流动与环境排放特征及其影响因素, 2)流域尺度养分环境排放脆弱区划分, 3)基于脆弱区的流域种养系统养分分区调控策略与评价研究。Abstract: Separation of crop and livestock production increases the risk of environmental pollution and wasting of nutrient resources derived from crop-livestock system, and integration of crop and livestock production is an important pathway to promote nutrient cycling and reduce nutrient losses. Research on nutrient management at basin scale can upscale the technologies of agricultural production at farm scale to basin scale, and improve nutrient use efficiency. On the basis of production optimization, the environmental threshold of the basin can be used as the bayonet to further reduce environmental nutrients losses. In addition, it is also significant to achieve higher nutrient efficiency and more environmental emission reduction of crop-livestock production system in a large area via nutrient management at basin scale, and this may also support the green development of agriculture. Taking the Yangtze River Basin as an example, this paper reviewed the significance of nutrient management based on integration of crop and livestock production at basin scale to green development, technologies of nutrient management based on integration of crop and livestock production, and spatial optimization based on environmental cost of crop-livestock production system. Except that, the present study further puts forward the focus of nutrient management of crop-livestock production system at basin scale in the future. Based on the present review, we found that there were a series of nutrient management technologies for crop-livestock system in the Yangtze River Basin and promotion and application of the technologies via bottom-up approach could further reduce nutrient losses and improve agricultural production and efficiency. However, the nutrient losses of the crop-livestock system in some areas is too high, which cannot be controlled within the environmental threshold only through technical improvement, and it is also necessary to conduct the spatial planning for crop-livestock system via top-down approach. In the future, studies on nutrient management of crop-livestock system at basin scale should include: (1) characteristics and driving factors of nutrient flow and environmental emissions at basin scale; (2) classification of vulnerable areas of nutrient losses at basin scale; (3) evaluation and optimization of crop-livestock system based on vulnerable areas.
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表 1 长江流域主要粮食作物养分管理技术列单
Table 1. List of nutrient management technologies of main food crops in the Yangtze River Basin
技术Technology 增加产量Increase of yield(%) 减少化肥用量Reduction of fertilizer(%) 减少氨挥发Reduction of ammonia volatilization (%) 减少N2O排放Reduction of N2O emission (%) 减少NO3−损失Reduction ofNO3− loss(%) 具体措施Specific measure 参考文献Reference 科学施肥Scientific fertilization 2~50 6~88 18~81 27 24 施用绿肥、缓释肥、控释肥及优化施肥等Application of green fertilizer, slow-release fertilizer, controlled-release fertilizer, and optimal fertilization, etc [36-42] 优化耕作Optimized tillage 29~50 10 ~36 12~26 40~64 40~59 轮作、间作、高密度种植等Crop rotation, intercropping, high density planting, etc [38, 43-47] 添加剂Additive 5 ~11 43 +11~26 17 ~54 7~90 添加秸秆、生物炭、脲酶抑制剂、硝化抑制剂等Addition of straw, biochar, urease inhibitor, nitrification inhibitor, etc [36, 47-52] 优化灌溉Optimizedirrigation 2~15 78 6~15 80 46 ~90 滴灌、间歇灌溉、增加灌水量等Drip irrigation, intermittent irrigation, increase of irrigation water, etc [47, 53-56] “+”表示增加环境排放。 “+” means increased environmental pollution. 
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表 2 长江流域畜牧业养分管理与环境减排相关技术列单
Table 2. List of related technologies of nutrient management and environmental emission reduction in animal husbandry in the Yangtze River Basin
技术Technology 减少氨挥发Reduction of ammonia volatilization (%) 减少NO3−损失Reduction of NO3− loss (%) 具体措施Specific measure 参考文献Reference 饲喂阶段减排技术Abatement technology during feeding stage 20~30 >50 低蛋白饲喂、分阶段饲喂、使用饲料添加剂Low protein feeding, phase feeding, use of feed additives [60-61] 圈舍阶段减排技术Emission reduction technology during housing stage 10~79 18 快速清粪、粪尿分离、酸化Rapid removal of excretion, separation of feces and urine, acidification [62-68] 储藏阶段减排技术Emission reduction technology during storage stage 10~96 50 固液分离、酸化、覆盖、粪便干燥Solid-liquid separation, acidification, mulching, feces drying [69-74] 处理阶段减排技术Emission reduction technology during treatment stage 8~92 0 堆肥添加剂、电厂辅助堆肥、尾气处理、黑水虻堆肥处理Compost additive, power plant auxiliary compost, tail gas treatment, black fly compost treatment [75-78]
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表 3 长江流域种养一体化养分循环相关技术列单
Table 3. List of related technologies of integrated nutrient cycling of crop-livestock system in the Yangtze River Basin
技术Technology 产量增加Increase of production (%) 减少氨挥发Reduction of ammonia volatilization (%) 具体措施Specific measure 参考文献Reference 新型饲料New type of feed −1~9 21~50 黑兵蝇幼虫、微藻、微生物蛋白等替代饲料Black soldier fly larvae, microalgae, microbial protein and other alternative feed [83-85] 有机肥替代Organic fertilizer replacement 6~8 35 猪粪、鸡粪、牛粪等有机肥替代Pig manure, chicken manure, cow manure and other organic manure replacement [36,86-87] 粪尿施用优化技术Optimization of manure and urine application 0 0~91 粪尿条施、注射施用、粪尿快速下渗技术、粪尿覆盖施用Fecal urine strip application, injection application, fecal urine rapid infiltration technology, fecal urine cover application [66,88-91]
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