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摘要: 为了探究曹妃甸湿地和鸟类省级自然保护区植物多样性以及土壤理化性质空间分布规律。采用生态学样地调查方法对研究区内植被群落结构及其相应土壤理化性质进行调查与测定, 通关相关性分析探讨植物多样性与土壤盐分和养分指标的关系。研究结果表明: 1)研究区种子植物共有23科, 47属, 54种, 被子植物占绝对优势, 植物种绝大部分是中生草本植物; 2)研究区植物区系数量结构分析显示研究区内优势科有4科, 分别是菊科、禾本科、藜科和豆科, 优势属有5种, 分别是藜属、莴苣属、碱蓬属、蒿属和补血草属, 数量结构特征表现出科级和属级水平上的多样性, 区系地理成分特征相对复杂, 以温带分布为主, 但也出现了热带分布; 3)研究区植物群落主要以草本为主, 可分为9种类型, 其中茵陈蒿、葎草群落更为稳定, 芦苇群落的多样性最差; 4)土壤盐分和速效钾高值区主要分布在研究区西南部地区, 土壤速效磷高值区主要分布在西北部地区, 速效氮和有机质含量高值区空间分布较为分散; 5)湿地植物多样性指数整体上与土壤盐分呈现负相关关系, 与土壤养分尤其速效氮呈现正相关的关系。该研究结果明确了该区植物的分布及多样性情况, 并对其影响因素进行了初步分析, 可为曹妃甸湿地植物多样性保护和管理提供一定科学依据。Abstract: The coastal wetland is one of the ecosystems with the richest biodiversity in nature. The study of wetland plant diversity is of great significance to maintaining the integrity and stability of the wetland ecosystem. In order to provide a basis for the scientific management of the coastal wetland ecosystem, this study took the Caofeidian wetland and bird provincial nature reserve as the research area and adopted the ecological sampling survey method to select the sample plots with typical plant communities along the river bank, the coast, and the direction perpendicular to the river bank and the coast, to investigate and determine the spatial distribution of plant diversity, soil physical and chemical properties, and calculate the correlation between the two. The results showed that: 1) there are 23 families, 47 genera, and 54 species of seed plants in the study area. Angiosperms are absolutely dominant, and most of the plant species are mesophytic herbs; 2) the results of the quantitative structure analysis of the flora show that there are four dominant families in the study area, which are Asteraceae, Poaceae, and Fabaceae, and three representative families, which are Chenopodiaceae, Plumbaginaceae, and Salicaceae. There are five dominant genera, including Chenopodium, Lactuca, Suaeda, Artemisia, and Limonium; the characteristic genera are Lactuca and Suaeda. The quantitative structure features diversity at the level of family and genus. The geographical components of the flora are relatively complex, mainly in the temperate zone, but also in the tropical zone. 3) The plant communities in the study area are mainly herbaceous, which can be divided into 9 types: Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall., Bassia scoparia (L.) A. J. Scott, Artemisia annua L., Suaeda glauca (Bunge) Bunge, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud, Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr., Carex phacota spr., Bidens pilosa L., and Artemisia capillaris Thunb, among which the communities of Artemisia capillaris Thunb. and Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr. are more stable, and the community diversity of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud is the worst. 4) The high-value areas of soil salt and available potassium are mainly distributed in the southwest of the study area, the high-value areas of soil available phosphorus are mainly distributed in the northwest, and the high-value areas of available nitrogen and organic matter content are relatively scattered in space; 5) Wetland plant diversity index is negatively correlated with soil salinity as a whole, and positively correlated with soil nutrients, especially available nitrogen as a whole. The results of this study clarified the distribution and diversity of plants in the area and preliminarily analyzed the soil impact factors. The results can provide a scientific basis for the protection and management of plant diversity in Caofeidian wetlands.
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Key words:
- Caofeidian Wetland /
- Plant diversity /
- Analysis of wetland plants /
- Soil salinity /
- Soil nutrients
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图 2 研究区0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层土壤盐分的空间分布
Figure 2. Spatial distribution of soil salt of 0−20 cm and 20−40 cm layers in the study area
图 3 研究区0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层土壤养分空间分布
Figure 3. Spatial distribution of soil nutrients in of 0−20 cm and 20−40 cm layers in the study area
表 1 研究区植物优势科和表征科
Table 1. The dominant species and representative species of vegetaion in the study area
编号
Number科名
Family name所含种数
Number of species included编号
Number科名
Family name所含种数
Number of species included优势科
Dominant species17 蔷薇科 Rosaceae 1 1 菊科 Asteraceae 12 18 茄科 Solanaceae 1 2 禾本科 Poaceae 8 19 桑科 Moraceae 1 3 藜科 Chenopodiaceae 7 20 天南星科 Araceae 1 4 豆科 Fabaceae 5 21 卫矛科 Celastraceae 1 5 白花丹科 Plumbaginaceae 2 22 旋花科 Convolvulaceae 1 6 蓼科 Polygonaceae 2 23 榆科 Ulmaceae 1 7 杨柳科 Salicaceae 2 平均值 Average 3 8 白刺科 Nitrariaceae 1 表征科
Representative species9 柏科 Cupressaceae 1 1 菊科 Asteraceae 12 10 柽柳科 Tamaricaceae 1 2 禾本科 Poaceae 8 11 大麻科 Cannabaceae 1 3 藜科 Chenopodiaceae 7 12 锦葵科 Malvaceae 1 4 豆科 Fabaceae 5 13 萝藦科 Asclepiadaceae 1 5 白花丹科 Plumbaginaceae 2 14 马齿苋科 Portulacaceae 1 6 蓼科 Polygonaceae 2 15 漆树科 Anacardiaceae 1 7 杨柳科 Salicaceae 2 16 茜草科 Rubiaceae 1 8 平均值 Average 5 
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表 2 研究区植物优势属及表征属
Table 2. The dominant genera and representative genera in the study area
编号
Number属名
Genus name所含种数
Number of species included编号
Number属名
Genus name所含种数
Number of species included优势属
Dominant genera29 马齿苋属 Portulaca 1 1 藜属 Chenopodium 3 30 马唐属 Digitaria 1 2 莴苣属 Lactuca 2 31 穇属 Eleusine 1 3 碱蓬属 Suaeda 2 32 鬼针草属 Bidens 1 4 蒿属 Artemisia 2 33 虎掌藤属 Pharbitis 1 5 补血草属 Limonium 2 34 茜草属 Rubia 1 6 白刺属 Nitraria 1 35 半夏属 Pinellia 1 7 白茅属 Imperata 1 36 桑属 Morus 1 8 稗属 Echinochloa 1 37 稻属 Oryza 1 9 萹蓄属 Polygonum 1 38 蓼属 Persicaria 1 10 草木樨属 Melilotus 1 39 大豆属 Glycine 1 11 侧柏属 Platycladus 1 40 槐属 Styphnolobium 1 12 柽柳属 Tamarix 1 41 紫穗槐属 Amorpha 1 13 蓟属 Cirsium 2 42 苘麻属 Abutilon 1 14 刺槐属 Robinia 1 43 蓟属 Cirsium 1 15 鬼针草属 Bidens 1 44 苦荬菜属 Ixeris 1 16 地肤属 Kochia 1 45 榆属 Ulmus 1 17 鹅绒藤属 Cynanchum 1 46 苹果属 Malus 1 18 苋属 Amaranthus 1 47 杨属 Populus 1 19 狗尾草属 Setaria 1 48 卫矛属 Euonymus 1 20 虎尾草属 Chloris 1 平均值 Average 1 21 盐麸木属 Rhus 1 表征属
Representative genera22 苦苣菜属 Sonchus 1 1 藜属 Chenopodium 3 23 鳢肠属 Eclipta 1 2 莴苣属 Lactuca 2 24 柳属 Salix 1 3 碱蓬属 Suaeda 2 25 茄属 Solanum 1 4 蒿属 Artemisia 2 26 芦苇属 Phragmites 1 5 补血草属 Limonium 2 27 裸柱菊属 Soliva 1 6 蓟属 Cirsium 2 28 葎草属 Humulus 1 1 平均值 Average 2
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表 3 研究区植物科一级区系的类型
Table 3. The types of family level flora in the study area
分布区
Distributive flora分布类型
Distribution type科名
Family name世界分布
World distribution温带分布, 5科38.4%
Temperate distribution, 5 families and accounts for 30%菊科、禾本科、藜科、蓼科、蔷薇科
Asteraceae、Poaceae、Chenopodiaceae、Polygonaceae、Rosaceae热带分布, 4科30.7%
Tropical distribution, 4 families and accounts for 30.7%萝藦科、茄科、天南星科、旋花科
Asclepiadaceae、Solanaceae、Araceae、Convolvulaceae温带-热带分布, 4科30.7%
Temperate tropical distribution, 4 families and accounts for 30.7%豆科、白花丹科、锦葵科、马齿苋科
Fabaceae、Plumbaginaceae、Malvaceae、Portulacaceae温带分布
Temperate distribution北温带-南温带间断, 3科13%
Punctuated distribution of northern temperate southern temperate zone, 3 families and accounts for 13%杨柳科、柏科、柽柳科
Salicaceae、Cupressaceae、Tamaricaceae热带分布
Tropical distribution泛热带分布, 6科26%
Pan tropical distribution, 6 families and accounts for 26%大麻科、漆树科、茜草科、桑科、卫矛科、榆科
Cannabaceae、Anacardiaceae、Rubiaceae、Moraceae、Celastraceae、Ulmaceae古地中海分布
Ancient Mediterranean distribution古地中海分布, 1科4.3%
Ancient Mediterranean distribution, 1 families and accounts for 4.3%白刺科
Nitrariaceae
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表 4 研究区植物属一级区系的类型
Table 4. The types of genus level flora of in the study area
分布区
Distributive flora分布类型及变型
Distribution types and variants属数
The number of genus占非世界分布/%
Percentage of non world distribution/%世界分布
World distribution1 型世界分布
World distribution11 / 热带分布
Tropical distribution2 泛热带分布
Pan tropical distribution6 16.7 5 热带亚洲至热带澳大利亚分布
Distribution from tropical Asia to tropical Australia1 2.8 7 越南(或中南半岛)至华南(或西南)
Vietnam (or Indochina Peninsula) to South China (or southwest)1 2.8 温带分布
Temperate distribution8 北温带广布
Widely distributed in north temperate zone3 8.3 8-4北温带南温带间断(泛温带)
North temperate zone south temperate zone discontinuity9 25.0 9 东亚—北美间断分布
East Asia North America discontinuous distribution2 5.6 10 欧亚温带分布或旧世界温带分布
Eurasian temperate distribution or old world temperate distribution3 8.3 10-3 欧亚和南部非洲(有时还有大洋洲)间断
Eurasia and Southern Africa (and sometimes Oceania) discontinuities1 2.8 亚洲分部
Asian distribution12 中亚、西亚至地中海分布
Distribution from Central Asia, West Asia to Mediterranean1 2.8 12-3 地中海至温带-热带亚洲、大洋洲和南美洲间断
Mediterranean to temperate tropical Asia, Oceania and South America1 2.8 14 东亚分布
Distribution in East Asia1 2.8 14 (SH) 中国-喜马拉雅
China- Himalayan distribution1 2.8 14 (SJ) 中国-日本
Distribution from China to Japan3 8.3 其他分布
Other distributions其他分布
Other distributions3 8.3
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表 5 研究区主要植物群落及其主要特征
Table 5. Main plant communities and their main characteristics in the study area
群落
Community盖度
Cover degree植物种类
Plant species多度和
Abundance sum香农-维纳指数
Shannon-Wiener index (H)辛普森指数
Simpson index (D)均匀度指数
Pielou index (E)丰富度指数
Margalef index (R)碱蓬
Suaeda glauca59.6 3 59 0.77 0.67 0.76 1.78 地肤
Kochia scoparia79.7 8 46 1.69 0.71 0.79 6.56 黄花蒿
Artemisia annua95.6 10 86 1.53 0.84 0.83 4.23 盐地碱蓬
Suaeda salsa98.9 8 199 1.29 0.63 0.61 5.52 芦苇
Phragmites australis91.2 5 149 0.91 0.44 0.53 3.45 葎草
Humulus scandens99.9 13 75 2.18 0.84 0.85 9.64 三棱草
Carex phacota72.6 7 222 1.13 0.54 0.58 2.71 婆婆刺
Bidens pilosa97.8 9 200 1.46 0.67 0.67 5.50 茵陈蒿
Artemisia capillaris96.3 9 74 2.02 0.86 0.92 5.05
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表 6 不同样带下土壤盐渍化程度及养分含量
Table 6. Salinization degree and nutrient content of soil in different zones
区域
Area土壤深度
Soil depth盐分含量
Salt content速效氮
Available nitrogen速效磷
Available phosphorus速效钾
Available potassium有机质
Soil organic matterH5 0~20 0.47±0.43ab 23.84±23.57a 21.42±8.85ab 43.29±13.36a 8.41±4.10ab 20~40 0.60±0.54a 17.50±9.17a 18.92±3.09ab 47.21±19.27a 11.58±5.58ab H10 0~20 0.21±0.26b 30.47±19.48a 25.87±14.78a 41.62±17.33a 12.00±5.94a 20~40 0.23±0.30b 17.09±12.32a 15.53±5.97b 34.12±11.74a 7.61±6.02ab H15 0~20 0.20±0.27b 31.29±13.78a 28.94±16.15a 40.87±17.51a 10.18±5.58ab 20~40 0.30±0.52b 18.27±10.75a 22.06±10.41ab 35.15±10.36a 6.89±4.30b
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表 7 曹妃甸湿地植物群落多样性与土壤环境因子的相关系数
Table 7. Correlation coefficient between plant community diversity and soil environmental factors in Caofeidian wetland
生境地段
Habitat area多样性指数
Diversity index盐分含量
Salt content速效氮
Available nitrogen速效磷
Available phosphorus速效钾
Available potassium有机质
Soil organic matter0~20 cm 20~40 cm 0~20 cm 20~40 cm 0~20 cm 20~40 cm 0~20 cm 20~40 cm 0~20 cm 20~40 cm H5 R −0.046 −0.786* 0.624 0.585 0.388 −0.211 −0.448 −0.714* 0.791* 0.860* H −0.229 −0.555 0.830* 0.842* −0.077 −0.174 −0.574 −0.504 0.236 0.403 D −0.258 −0.318 0.672 0.739* −0.350 −0.208 −0.458 −0.254 −0.291 −0.023 E −0.255 0.323 0.342 0.326 −0.454 −0.213 −0.380 0.107 −0.731 −0.659 H10 R −0.238 −0.153 −0.013 −0.077 0.024 0.420 0.365 0.228 −0.096 −0.051 H −0.200 0.051 0.052 0.018 −0.027 0.357 0.255 0.383 −0.058 0.036 D −0.274 0.020 0.087 0.044 −0.022 0.255 0.153 0.264 −0.065 0.032 E −0.261 0.025 0.076 0.047 −0.029 0.246 0.190 0.340 0.003 0.030 H15 R −0.164 −0.104 0.275 0.504 0.567* 0.638* 0.287 0.163 0.458 0.559* H −0.149 −0.096 0.368 0.516* 0.530* 0.548* 0.230 0.132 0.467 0.543* D −0.242 −0.197 0.389 0.308 0.366 0.254 0.084 −0.060 0.352 0.316 E −0.209 −0.192 0.398 0.255 0.211 0.120 0.100 −0.062 0.207 0.180
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