新型酸化方式对农业废弃物堆肥氮转化的影响

张陆; 王宏戈; 王惟帅; 王选; 郭伟婷; 刘双; 王红; 马林

doi:10.12357/cjea.20220746

新型酸化方式对农业废弃物堆肥氮转化的影响

doi: 10.12357/cjea.20220746

张陆^{1, 2,},
王宏戈^{1, 2},
王惟帅¹,
王选^{1, 3},
郭伟婷⁴,
刘双⁵,
王红⁵,
马林^{1, 2, ,}

1.
中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心/河北省土壤生态学重点实验室/中国科学院农业水资源重点实验室　石家庄　050022
2.
中国科学院大学　北京　100049
3.
中国科学院雄安创新研究院　雄安　071700
4.
石家庄市畜牧技术推广站　石家庄　050030
5.
河北省畜牧总站　石家庄　050030

基金项目: 河北省重点研发计划项目(20373806D)、中国科学院科技服务网络计划项目(KFJ-STS-QYZD-160)、中国科学院青年创新促进会(2021095)、河北省现代农业产业技术体系奶牛产业创新团队项目(HBCT2018120206)和河北省现代农业产业技术体系蛋肉鸡产业创新团队项目(HBCT2018150209)资助

详细信息

作者简介:
张陆, 主要从事农业生态学研究。E-mail: 164192510@qq.com

通讯作者:
马林, 主要从事农业生态学和养分管理研究。E-mail: malin1979@sjziam.ac.cn

中图分类号: X712
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-09-28
- 录用日期: 2022-11-03
- 网络出版日期: 2022-11-25
- 刊出日期: 2023-05-10

Effects of new acidification methods on nitrogen conversion during agricultural waste composting

ZHANG Lu^{1, 2
,},
WANG Hongge^{1, 2},
WANG Weishuai¹,
WANG Xuan^{1, 3},
GUO Weiting⁴,
LIU Shuang⁵,
WANG Hong⁵,
MA Lin^{1, 2
, ,}

1.
Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences / Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology / Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3.
Xiong’an Innovation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiong’an 071700, China
4.
Shijiazhuang Animal Husbandry Technology Extension Station, Shijiazhuang 050030, China
5.
Hebei Provincial Animal Husbandry Station, Shijiazhuang 050030, China

Funds: This study was supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province (20373806D), the Science and Technology Service Network Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KFJ-STS-QYZD-160), the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences (2021095), Hebei Province Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System Dairy Cow Industry Innovation Team Project (HBCT2018120206), and Hebei Province Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System Egg Broiler Industry Innovation Team Project (HBCT2018150209).

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: malin1979@sjziam.ac.cn

摘要

摘要: 酸化是减少堆肥过程中氮素损失的有效手段, 而传统无机酸酸化具有成本高、二次污染严重等缺点, 探究新型酸化工艺对减少堆肥过程中的养分流失和环境污染具有重要意义。本研究以食品残渣(果渣、豆渣)为基质, 通过乳酸菌厌氧发酵制备了一种富含乳酸(70 mmol∙L⁻¹)和乳酸菌(×10⁶ cfu∙mL⁻¹)的酸性调理剂, 用于农业废弃物(猪粪、小麦秸秆)酸化堆肥试验, 设置两种新型酸化方式处理: 添加30%酸性调理剂处理(MA)和添加3%酸性调理剂的厌氧自酸化处理(LA), 同时以不加酸处理(CK)、添加硫酸处理(SA)作为对照。通过分析堆肥过程中理化性质和氮素形态等变化发现, 3种酸化方式的堆肥产品均达到腐熟标准(发芽指数>80), 其中MA处理的腐熟程度最优(发芽指数=117.8%); MA、SA和LA处理的总氮损失较CK分别显著降低14.0%、25.6%和22.2% (P<0.05), 其中NH₃挥发量较CK分别显著减少26.0%、36.5%和54.9% (P<0.05); 酸化处理提高了NH₄⁺含量, 促进了硝化过程, 又间接增强了反硝化过程, MA和LA处理显著减少23.1%和69.4%的N₂O排放(P<0.05), 而SA处理抑制了N₂O的还原, 增加18.3%的N₂O排放; 同时MA、SA和LA处理总环境代价相较于CK分别显著降低34.5%、11.0%和55.9% (P<0.05), 且MA和LA每减少1 kg活性氮排放分别需要18.4元和0.9元, 远低于SA处理(91.3元)。综上所述, MA、LA处理可作为降低堆肥过程中氮损失的可行方法, 本研究为堆肥酸化保氮技术提供了理论依据。
- 堆肥 /
- 农业废弃物 /
- 氮素转化 /
- 氮素损失 /
- 酸化
Abstract: Aerobic composting is a common method for treating agricultural waste. However, a large amount of nitrogen is lost during composting, which is an important problem in agricultural waste composting. Material acidification is an effective method to reduce nitrogen loss during composting, while conventional acidification using inorganic acids has disadvantages such as high cost and secondary pollution. Optimizing the acidification process is of great significance for reducing nutrient loss and environmental pollution during composting. In this study, an acid conditioner was prepared by anaerobic fermentation of lactic acid bacteria with food residues (apple pomace and soybean dregs) as substrates, which were rich in lactic acid (70 mmol·L⁻¹) and lactic acid bacteria (10⁶ cfu·mL⁻¹). Two acidizing methods were designed using the acid conditioner: 1) A certain amount of acid conditioner (30%, w/w) was added directly to acidify the material (MA); 2) a small amount of acid conditioner (3%, w/w) was added with no forced ventilation for the first 3 days of composting to enable the lactic acid bacteria under the acidic conditioners to produce lactic acid achieving self-acidification of compost materials (LA). Meanwhile, we set up two experimental treatments consisting of adding sulfuric acid (SA) and no acidification (CK). Changes in physicochemical properties (temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, germination index of Oenanthe javanica treated with different composts, contents of organic matter and total nitrogen) and treansformation of nitrogen forms (emissions of NH₃ and N₂O; contents of organic nitrogen, NH₄⁺-N, NO₂⁻-N, and NO₃⁻-N) during the composting of agricultural waste were analyzed. The results showed that the compost products treated by the three acidification methods all reached the maturity standard (germination index > 80%), and the MA treatment was the best (germination index = 117.8%). The duration of the thermophilic phases (> 50 ℃) of CK, MA, SA, and LA were 10, 10, 9, and 7 days, respectively, all of which reached the harmless standard (> 50 ℃ for at least 7 days). The total nitrogen losses of MA, SA, and LA decreased by 14.0%, 25.6%, and 22.2%, and NH₃ volatilization decreased by 26.0%, 36.5%, and 54.9%, compared with CK, respectively. The acidification treatments increased the NH₄⁺-N content, promoted nitrification, and indirectly enhanced denitrification. MA and LA treatments reduced N₂O emissions by 23.1% and 69.4%, respectively, whereas SA treatment inhibited N₂O reduction and increased N₂O emissions by 18.3%. The ReCiPe evaluation method was used to evaluate the total environmental burden of different acidification treatments. The total environmental burden of MA, SA, and LA decreased by 34.5%, 11.0%, and 55.9%, respectively, compared with that of CK, indicating that acidification is an effective way to reduce the environmental burden of composting. By comparing the economic benefits of the three acidifying methods, it was found that the costs of MA and LA treatments were 18.4 Yuan and 0.87 Yuan, respectively, for reducing the emission of 1 kg active nitrogen, which was far lower than that of SA treatment at 91.3 Yuan. These results indicate that MA and LA acidification methods are economically feasible. In conclusion, MA and LA treatments can be feasible methods to reduce nitrogen loss during composting. This study provides a new theoretical basis for composting acidification and nitrogen conservation technology as well as a new scheme for the collaborative treatment of multi-source waste.
- Composting /
- Agricultural waste /
- Nitrogen transformation /
- Nitrogen loss /
- Acidification

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图 1 不同酸化方式下堆肥过程中的理化性质变化

CK: 对照; MA: 添加酸性调理剂; SA: 添加硫酸; LA: 添加乳酸菌的自我酸化。CK: control; MA: adding acid conditioner; SA: adding sulphuric acid; LA: self-acidification with lactic acid bacteria.

Figure 1. Variation of physicochemical properties during composting under different acidification methods

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图 2 不同酸化方式下堆肥过程中的氮素形态变化

Figure 2. Variation of N forms during composting under different acidification methods

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图 3 不同酸化方式下堆肥过程中NH₃与N₂O的排放

Figure 3. Emission of NH₃ and N₂O in composting process under different acidification methods

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图 4 不同酸化处理方式堆肥过程不同氮素损失形式的占比变化

Figure 4. Variation in the proportions of different forms of nitrogen loss during composting under different acidification methods

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图 5 不同酸化方式的环境代价与经济效益

Figure 5. Environmental burden and economic benefits of different acidification methods

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表 1 试验材料的理化性状

Table 1. Physical and chemical properties of experimental materials

试验材料 Material	含水率 Moisture content (%)	有机质^a Organic matter (%)	总氮^a Total nitrogen (%)	NH₄⁺含量^a NH₄⁺ content (g·kg ⁻¹)	pH	电导率 Electrical conductivity (mS·cm ⁻¹ )
猪粪 Pig manure	70.39±0.58	44.10±0.52	2.90±0.04	12.38±1.29	7.83±0.09	7.70±0.42
小麦秸秆 Wheat straw	12.48±0.49	89.09±0.28	0.54±0.03	0.28±0.05	7.48±0.05	3.82±0.07
苹果渣 Apple pomace	82.81±0.58	98.04±0.14	0.81±0.02	—	5.67±0.09	—
豆渣 Bean dregs	79.95±4.14	95.73±0.07	2.64±0.01	—	7.07±0.04	—
“a”: 基于物料干重; “—”: 表示未检测。“a”: based on dry weight of material; “—”: not measured. n=3.

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表 2 酸化剂及活性氮气体(NH₃、N₂O)的环境代价

Table 2. Environmental burden of acidifiers and reactive nitrogen gases (NH₃, N₂O)

影响类型 Impact category	酸性调理剂 Acid conditioner	硫酸 Sulfuric acid	NH₃	N₂O	食品残渣处理 Food residue disposal
人类健康 Human health	622	174	676	920	15.8
生态系统 Ecological system	46.2	11	197	77.5	3.34
资源 Resource	2.71	0.434	0	2.37	0.06
总影响 Total impact	671	186	874	1000	19.2
环境代价单位为mPt, 表示单位排放因子。The unit of environmental burden is mPt, indicating unit emission factor.

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表 3 酸性剂制备经济成本

Table 3. Economic cost of acid condictioner preparation

¥∙kg⁻¹
酸试剂类型 Acid type	材料费 Material cost	电费 Electricity cost	人工费 Labor cost	总成本 Total cost
酸性调理剂 Acid conditioner	0.003	0.017	0.017	0.036
硫酸 Sulfuric acid	—	—	—	48.9
硫酸为浓度98%的工业硫酸。Sulfuric acid is 98% industrial sulfuric acid.

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表 4 酸性调理剂制备过程中酸度$[{\rm{C}}_{({\rm{H}}^+)}]$及乳酸和乳酸菌量的变化

Table 4. Changes of $[{\rm{C}}_{({\rm{H}}^+)}] $ (acidity), content of lactica acid and bacterial count during preparation process of acid conditioner

时间 Time (h)	$[{\rm{C}}_{({\rm{H}}^+)}] $ (mol∙L⁻¹)	乳酸含量 Lactic acid content (mmol∙L⁻¹)	乳酸菌活菌数 Lactic acid bacteria count (×10⁶ cfu∙mL⁻¹)	pH
0	0.01±0.00	2.30±0.41	0.34±0.06	4.53±0.03
12	0.04±0.00	55.39±0.82	24.00±5.89	3.56±0.04
24	0.05±0.01	62.39±1.23	17.00±0.41	3.44±0.03
48	0.08±0.01	64.45±4.12	4.63±3.68	3.33±0.02
72	0.09±0.01	70.21±16.13	3.67±6.02	3.30±0.05

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