Abstract: Based on the investigation of the large plots and typical samples,the environment and biodiversity of the desert grassland area in Xiangshan Mountain,Ningxia were analyzed. The results show that the 151 species investigated in the region belong to 39 families or 95 genera.The distribution of plant community fits the characteristics of mountainous desert grassland.The most types of the community are in the shady slope of the mountain. The dynamics of the community diversity are influenced by the time, topography, and soil moisture content very much.Shrubby community is the most important factor to maintain the function of ecosystem.It is the keystone for the biodiversity conservation in the region.The insect communities are fitting with the characteristics of grassland communities in the dry area.Few of large animals indicates that the conservation must be done.