Abstract: Based on the basic requirement which supports human life, the paper analyzed sustainability of grain production in red and yellow soil region of China in three hierarchies which are farm grain production per unit area, regional total grain production and regional food supply and demand equilibrium. The analysis indicated that sustainability of grain production in red and yellow soil region differs both in system hierarchies and regions, which is sustainable in grain production per unit area, weak sustainable in total regional production, and unsustainable in regional food supply and demand system. Sustainability of farm grain production per unit area is high but that of regional total grain production is low in coastal developed region, while sustainability both of farm grain production per unit area and of regional total grain production is low in southwest of China. Consequently, it is important to analyze sustainability of regional grain production in several hierarchies and manage regional agricultural resources comprehensively for ensuring regional agricultural sustainable development.