冬季抗旱措施对小麦耗水特征与生育性状的影响
Effects of winter drought resistant strategies on wheat waterconsumption and growth characteristics
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摘要: 在2010-2011年小麦生长季节降水量为47.7 mm条件下, 采用冬季抗旱处理时期(1月28日、2月12日、2月27日)、冬季抗旱措施与春一水灌水量组合(冬季喷灌+春一水灌水量75 mm、漫灌措施+春一水灌水量75 mm, 冬季覆盖牛粪措施+春一水灌水量90 mm)2因素设计, 研究了河北低平原区高产条件下冬小麦耗水特征和生育性状。结果表明: 各处理的小麦全生育期总耗水量为384.93~464.24 mm, 产量水分利用效率为15.23~20.87 kg·hm-2·mm-1。播种到越冬期和起身到灌浆期是小麦耗水量较大的时期。同一处理时期不同水肥措施下, 随灌水量的增加, 耗水量有增加趋势, 水分利用效率与灌溉水利用效率有降低趋势; 其中以牛粪覆盖措施小麦产量和灌水利用效率最高, 喷灌措施小麦产量水分利用效率高于漫灌。同期不同水肥措施对小麦干物质再分配的影响表现为: 牛粪覆盖措施和对照促进了小麦开花前营养器官贮存的同化物向籽粒再分配, 喷灌和漫灌提高了小麦开花后干物质积累量和籽粒中来自花后积累干物质的比例。不同处理时期同一水肥措施比较, 随处理时期推迟籽粒产量有增加趋势。以上结论可为指导小麦冬季田间旱情补救措施提供理论依据。Abstract: Water resource deficiency is one of major limitations to winter wheat production in Hebei Lowland Plain Areas. Drought resistant strategies are critical for high yield and quality wheat grain production. The effects of drought resistant measures (sprinkler irrigation at winter plus 75 mm irrigation at revival stage, flood irrigation at winter plus 75 mm irrigation at revival stage, and cattle manure mulching at winter plus 90 mm irrigation at revival stage) with three treatment times in winter (Jan. 28, Feb. 12 and Feb. 27) on water consumption and growth characteristics of "Heng 4399" wheat cultivar was determined in this study under high-yield cultivation conditions in 2010-2011 growth season with 47.7 mm of precipitation. The results showed that total water consumption of wheat for the whole growth period was 384.93~464.24 mm. WUE (water use efficiency) was 15.23~20.87 kg·hm-2·mm-1. Periods with the highest water consumption were generally from double ridge to filling and then from sowing to wintering. At same treatments time, treatments with high irrigation amounts increased total water consumption while reducing irrigation WUE. Concurrent comparisons of different treatments showed that WUE under cattle manure mulching was higher than that under other drought resistant measures. Compared with flood irrigation, sprinkler irrigation saved more water and was also more suitable to wheat growth water needs. For the indices of soil water ratio, WUE and IWUE (irrigation water use efficiency), sprinkler irrigation was better than flood irrigation. For the same treatment at different times, there an increasing grain-yield trend was noted with delayed treatment. At a same time, the effects of different treatments on dry-matter accumulation and redistribution were different. Cattle manure mulching and CK treatments increased the relocation of dry-matter accumulated before anthesis to wheat grain. Flood and sprinkler irrigations increased dry-matter accumulation after anthesis and also dry-matter relocation ratio to grain. The above findings provided the theoretical basis for developing winter drought resistant strategies in winter wheat cultivation.