摘要:
桃是主要温带水果之一, 在全球范围内广泛栽培。中国桃栽培面积和产量均居世界第一位。近十年来, 随着设施农业的迅猛发展, 桃设施栽培技术在中国北方地区逐步推广。但在设施桃的生产过程中, 常存在授粉不足、座果率低下等诸多问题。本研究以设施桃主栽品种"大久保"、"早露蟠"、"瑞光5号"和"90342"为材料, 在北京市平谷区进行了不同桃品种的开花动态、花药开裂、花粉数量、花粉活力和柱头可授性等生物学特性观察, 旨在为设施桃生产的科学管理和有效授粉提供依据。结果表明: 4个桃品种的始花期顺序依次为"瑞光5号"、"早露蟠"、"大久保"和"90342", 最早和最晚相差8 d; 单花盛开期"90342"仅为2 d, 其他3个品种桃为4~5 d。不同品种花药开裂起始时间、持续时间及高峰期不同; 单花花粉数量在不同品种间差异显著, "90342"最高, 为100 360±8 017, 其次为"大久保"91 485±8 002和"瑞光5号"73 245±5 034, "早露蟠"花粉量最少, 为59 609±5 048; "大久保"、"瑞光5号"和"90342"的花粉活力在花朵全开当天最强, 分别为44.8%±3.1%、52.4%±4.2%、32.8%±4.5%, "早露蟠"在花后第1 d花粉活力达到最高值63.3%±3.7%; "瑞光5号"与"90342"的花粉寿命仅为3 d, 而"大久保"与"早露蟠"的花粉寿命达6~7 d; "大久保"、"早露蟠"和"瑞光5号"的柱头可授性在花后3~4 d最强, 可授期为6~7 d, "90342"柱头可授性在花后第2 d最强, 可授期仅为3 d。本研究为设施条件下4个桃品种的传粉生态学研究及设施桃花期管理提供了科学依据, 也为进一步探索授粉作用机制奠定了基础。
Abstract:
Peach (Prunus persica) is a popular temperate fruit now cultivated worldwide. China ranks first in the world both in peach planted area and production. In the last 10 years, peach cultivation has developed quickly and spread to most of northern China. The problem is that the flowering biology of peach cultivars has been insufficiently studied and poor pollination has often caused low fruit set and yield for peach trees in greenhouses. In order to evaluate the flowering biology of different peach cultivars in greenhouses, the flowering dynamics, anther dehiscence, pollen quantity, pollen viability, and stigma receptivity of four major peach cultivars (Prunus persica "Okubo", P. persica "Zaolupan", P. persica "Ruiguang 5" and P. persica "90342") were investigated in greenhouses in Beijing. In the study, 80 flowers for each cultivar were studied for the timing of different flowering stages, 18 flowers were used to obsever anther dehiscence development, 50 anthers were used to count pollen grains number per anther, 50 flowers were used to count anthers number per flower. A TTC test was used to assess pollen viability, and a benzidine-hydrogen peroxide test was used to assess stigma receptivity. The results showed that the start time of blooming varied by 8 days among cultivars, which were ranked (from earliest to latest) - "Ruiguang 5", "Zaolupan", "Okubo", "90342". Cultivar "90342" had a two-day full-bloom stage for single flower, which was significantly shorter than other three cultivars. The full-bloom stage of the other three cultivars lasted for 4 5 days. The starting time, duration, and peak period of anther dehiscence varied among the four cultivars. Significant variation in pollen quantity was also observed. Cultivar "90342" had the largest number of pollen grains per flower (100 360 ± 8 017), followed by "Okubo" (91 485 ± 8 002), "Ruiguang 5" (73 245 ± 5 034) and "Zaolupan" (59 609 ± 5 048). The highest pollen viability was found on the day when the flower opened fully in "Okubo", "Ruiguang 5", and "90342", which were 44.8% ± 3.1%, 52.4% ± 4.2% and 32.8% ± 4.5% respectively. The pollen of "Zaolupan" had the highest viability 63.3% ± 3.7% one day after the flower opened fully. Pollen viability lasted only three days in "Ruiguang 5" and "90342", while "Okubo" and "Zaolupan" had a greater longevity of 6 7 days. The receptive period of the stigma remained for 6 7 days, with the strongest receptivity 3 4 days after the flower opened fully in "Okubo", "Zaolupan" and "Ruiguang 5". However, the receptive period of cultivar "90342" lasted for just 3 days, with the greatest receptivity 2 days after the flower opened fully. This study contributed new information not only for differences in pollination biology among the four cultivars and for the scientific management of greenhouse peaches, but also for the broader study of pollination mechanisms.
百度学术
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