不同叶面肥对番茄植株生理生化及烟粉虱种群生态的影响

Effects of different foliar fertilizers on the physiology and biochemistry of tomato and population ecology of Bemisia tabaci

  • 摘要: 施肥可以影响植物的生长和营养状况, 从而影响植食性昆虫的生长发育、繁殖和为害等。在室内条件下(25±1) ℃, L∶D=14 h∶10 h, 70%~80%RH研究了氨基酸叶面肥、植物营养素和支链氨基酸3种肥料叶面喷施对番茄植株生长及烟粉虱生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明, 施氨基酸叶面肥处理能明显促进番茄植株生长, 株高、叶片展幅、叶面积显著高于对照, 其次为施植物营养素处理。不同叶面肥处理影响番茄叶片矿物质及营养物质含量(N和糖含量没有显著差异), P、蛋白质和游离氨基酸含量与番茄生长指标株高、叶片展幅、叶面积基本呈正比, 而K则相反; 不同处理间的叶片叶绿素和水含量基本无显著差异。不同叶面肥处理番茄植株上烟粉虱生长发育及生殖表现存在差异, 发育历期在氨基酸叶面肥处理番茄上最长(22.95 d), 其次为植物营养素处理(22.83 d), 最短的为对照处理(21.78 d), 显著短于氨基酸叶面肥和植物营养素处理; 存活率总体受叶面肥影响不大; 烟粉虱1龄若虫体型在支链氨基酸处理番茄上较大, 对照上较小, 但随着龄期的发育, 氨基酸叶面肥处理番茄上的4龄若虫体型达到最大, 对照上的仍为最小。烟粉虱雌成虫寿命在支链氨基酸处理番茄上最长(26.64 d), 植物营养素上的最短(16.92 d), 两者差异显著; 产卵量在支链氨基酸处理番茄上最高(190.55粒), 对照上的最低(119.91粒), 差异达到显著水平。烟粉虱内禀增长率在植物营养素处理番茄上最高(0.474 9), 而在氨基酸叶面肥处理上, 内禀增长率与对照相比并没有明显提高(分别为0.406 4和0.405 4)。施肥在促进作物生长的同时, 也为植食性昆虫提供了良好的营养条件, 作物产量的增加和害虫为害造成的损失两者之间的平衡是获得收益的关键。本研究中氨基酸叶面肥能明显促进番茄生长, 对烟粉虱取食产卵有利, 但同时会延长烟粉虱的发育历期, 且氨基酸叶面肥处理番茄上的烟粉虱雌成虫寿命和生殖力并非最高, 抵消了营养对烟粉虱的有利作用。同时, 氨基酸叶面肥不会提高烟粉虱的内禀增长率, 也就是不会促进烟粉虱的种群增长, 在生产中有良好的应用前景。

     

    Abstract: Fertilization, an important resource of plant nutrient, has been found to affect the development and reproduction of herbivores and their ability to damage plants. The influences of amino acid foliar fertilizer, phytonutrient and branched-chain amino acids on the growth and nutritional status of tomato and then on the development, survival and reproduction of Bemisia tabaci were studied in the laboratory under condition of (25±1) ℃; L∶D = 14 h∶10 h; and 70%~80% RH. Nymph size and fecundity of B. tabaci were also observed and the potential of amino acid foliar fertilizer application in practice was discussed. Compared with the control, amino acid foliar fertilizer significantly promoted tomato growth which was evident in increased plant height, leaf stentering and leaf area. Phytonutrient also promoted plant growth but to a lesser degree than amino acid fertilizer. Except for nitrogen and sugar, minerals and nutrient contents in tomato leaves varied with fertilizers treatments. The concentrations of phosphorus, protein and free amino acid in tomato leaves were positively correlated with several tomato growth parameters, including plant height, leaf stentering, and leaf area. Negative correlation was observed between potassium and these parameters. Chlorophyll and water contents in tomato leaves showed minimal differences among treatments. The developmental duration of B. tabaci was longest on tomatoes treated with amino acid foliar fertilizer (22.95 d), followed by those treated with phytonutrient (22.83 d), and was shortest on control treatments (21.78 d). B. tabaci survival rate changed little under different foliar fertilizers applications. The body size of B. tabaci 1st instar nymph was larger on tomatoes treated with branched-chain amino acids than on others, especially the control. As nymph developed, however, the 4th instar B. tabaci grew largest on tomatoes treated with amino acid foliar fertilizer. The smallest nymph was also observed on the control group. The longevity of B. tabaci female adults was longest on tomatoes treated with branched-chain amino acids (26.64 d) and shortest on those treated with phytonutrient (16.92 d), and the difference between the two treatments was significant. Fecundity was highest on tomatoes treated with branched-chain amino acids (190.55 eggs), which was significantly higher than the lowest value (119.91 eggs) on the control. The highest intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of B. tabaci was on tomatoes treated with phytonutrient (0.474 9). However, it did not significantly increase on tomatoes treated with amino acid foliar fertilizer (0.406 4) compared with the control (0.405 4). Fertilizer possibly improved crop growth and provided nutrition to herbivores. The balance between production increases brought about by fertilization and offset losses caused by insect infestation was a critical field yield factor. In this study, amino acid foliar fertilizer significantly promoted tomato growth, which caused increased B. tabaci feeding and oviposition. It, however, delayed B. tabaci developmental duration and did not necessarily increase the longevity and fecundity of B. tabaci female adults on tomatoes treated with the fertilizer. Amino acid foliar fertilizer did not enhance the intrinsic rate of increase of B. tabaci, namely did not facilitate B. tabaci population growth. This offset the effects of improved nutritional conditions in tomato and B. tabaci interaction.

     

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