渭北旱塬苹果园施肥现状分析评估

Assessment of current conditions of household fertilizationof apples in Weibei Plateau

  • 摘要: 为了解陕西渭北旱塬苹果园栽培管理水平、施肥现状及果农养分资源投入存在的问题, 选取陕西渭北旱塬300户果农, 调查其苹果产量、施肥及其他管理措施等。结果表明, 不同果农间苹果的产量和施肥量存在很大差异。两年来果农化肥平均纯氮用量为671.71 kg·hm-2, 适宜用量为240~360 kg·hm-2, 78.3%的果园氮肥投入过量; P2O5平均用量为338.21 kg·hm-2, 适宜用量为220~340 kg·hm-2, 投入量适中果农仅占调查样本的22.2%; K2O平均用量为240.70 kg·hm-2, 适宜用量为160~240 kg·hm-2, 51.2%的果农施钾肥量偏低。调查数据与前人研究比较发现, 由有机肥提供的氮磷钾养分占肥料总养分的比例下降趋势显著, 由1994年的51%下降到现在的5.54%。果农传统的重氮偏磷轻钾施肥方式还未改变, 施肥仍然以基肥为主, 基肥比例达70%以上。为此提出调查区果园施肥应减少氮肥用量, 提高氮肥利用率, 适当增加磷肥, 特别要注重钾肥和有机肥的投入, 实现养分资源综合管理。

     

    Abstract: To evaluate the level of apple plantation management and fertilization status, 300 apple-farmer households were investigated for selected attributed including apple yield, fertilization and other management techniques in the Weibei Plateau of Shaanxi Province. The results showed that the yield and fertilization rate of apple were very different among regions. The average amount of used nitrogen fertilizer was 671.71 kg·hm-2, that of phosphate fertilizer was 338.21 kg·hm-2 and then that of potassium was 240.70 kg·hm -2. While chemical N application in 78.3% of the investigated orchards was higher than the recommended, chemical P2O5 application in only 22.2% of the investigated orchards was rational. Also chemical K2O application in 51.2% of the investigated orchards was lower than the recommended. The proportion of organic fertilizer in total nutrient declined significantly, from 51% in 1994 to 5.54% at present. While nitrogen fertilizer was excessive in some orchards, some orchards received no fertilizer application; especially potassium fertilizer and organic manure. Based on the results of the experiment and expert experience, the suitable fertilization amounts were suggested. If 25 000~45 000 kg·hm-2 apple yield was to be realized, about 240~360 kg·hm -2 N, 220~340 kg·hm-2 P2O5, 160~240 kg·hm -2 K2O and 40 000~60 000 kg·hm 2 organic manure were recommended. Furthermore, the method and time of fertilization were found unsuitable and the traditional way of fertilization was not changed. Over 70% of the fertilization was done as base fertilizer. It was probably a good way to reduce N fertilizer use and to improve fertilizer utilization ratio. Application of more potassium fertilizer and organic manure and combination of spring fertilization with suitable irrigation were critical for apple production. This achieved integrated management of nutrients and improved nutrient use efficiency.

     

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