基于农户视角的农户灌溉区域差异及原因分析——以三工河流域为例
Regional differences and reasons for farmers' irrigation as households perspective: A case study of Sangong River Basin
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摘要: 基于问卷调查, 运用数量统计和最小二乘估计, 分析新疆三工河流域不同区域农户灌溉差异, 并探讨差异性的原因。研究结果显示: (1)三工河流域从上游到下游节水滴灌面积比例和水价依次递增, 上、中、下游滴灌比例分别为3%、10%、28%, 水价为<0.075元·m-3、0.069~0.075元·m-3、0.13~0.35元·m-3; 灌水量和农户水费负担依次减少, 灌水量为18 510 m3·hm-2、12 810 m3·hm-2、9 075 m3·hm-2, 水费负担为18%、14%、12%; 种植结构由传统作物主导向经济作物主导发展, 种植结构趋于合理。(2)自然因素是导致农户灌溉差异的根源, 不同区域水资源多寡、土壤保水性、地块大小与破碎度的差异, 导致农户节水意识、节水设施选择意愿及政府调控措施的不同。(3)政府一方面通过调整水价增加农户灌溉压力, 减少农户用水量; 一方面通过提高渠系质量和激励农户采用节水设施提高水资源利用效益, 提升作物的灌水需求曲线。实证结果显示: 水价每上涨0.01元·m-3, 灌水量就会减少484 m3·hm-2; 采用滴灌技术, 灌水量减少1 617 m3·hm-2; 改善渠系质量使土渠向水泥渠、板板渠发展, 灌水量减少736 m3·hm-2。Abstract: Uneven spatial and temporal distribution of water shortage coupled with low water use efficiency is a critical constraint to socio-economic development in semi-(arid) regions. Using questionnaires, quantitative statistics and OLS estimation, this study analyzed the regional differences in irrigation as affected by farmer household characteristics in the Sangong River Basin. The study showed gradual increases in water-saving facilities and water price from the upper reaches down to the lower reaches of the basin. Water-saving irrigation ratios were 3%, 10% and 28% in the upper, middle and lower reaches, respectively. The corresponding water price in the upper, middle and lower reaches was <0.075 Yuan·m-3, 0.069~0.075 Yuan·m-3 and 0.13~0.35 Yuan·m-3, respectively. There was a gradual decline in irrigation amount and water burden from the upper down to the lower reaches. Irrigation amount in the upper, middle and lower reaches was 18 510 m3·hm-2, 12 810 m3·hm-2 and 9 075 m3·hm-2; water burden were 18%, 14% and 12% respectively. In the basin, planting structure had evolved from traditional to cash driven crops with increasingly rational cultivation structures. Natural factors were the most fundamental reasons for differences in irrigation among different regions. The amount of water resources, soil retention capacity, field size and fragmentation influenced not only farmers' awareness of water conservation, but also choices of water-saving facilities. This had led to differences in farmers' irrigation modes, which in turn significantly influenced local governments' decision-makings. While local governments passed irrigation burdens to farmers by increasing water price, they also enhanced water use efficiency and crop-irrigation demand curve by improving canal quality and subsidizing the costs of water-saving facilities. Empirical analysis showed that when water price rose by 0.01 Yuan·m-3, irrigation amount dropped by 484 m3·hm-2. By using drip irrigation, irrigation amount dropped by 1 617 m3·hm-2. Also by improving water canal quality from earth to cement pavement, irrigation amount dropped by 736 m3·hm-2.
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