地膜覆盖对春季咸水灌溉条件下滨海盐渍土水盐动态的影响

Effect of plastic film mulch on soil moisture and salt dynamics under saline water irrigation in coastal saline soils

  • 摘要: 在河北省沧州市海兴县选取耕层土壤初始含水量有较大差异的两个地块,于春季利用当地高矿化度咸水(10~15 g·L-1)进行灌溉和地膜覆盖,以探究地膜覆盖对春季咸水灌溉条件下滨海盐渍土水盐动态的影响。设不灌咸水不覆膜(对照,CK)、不灌咸水覆膜(PM)及3月29日和4月13日灌咸水不覆膜(SE、SL)、灌咸水后覆膜(SE+PM、SL+PM)6个处理探讨不同咸水灌溉和覆膜对土壤水盐动态的影响;另在耕层土壤含水量≥ 20%(海兴县小山乡)和 < 20%(海兴县农场)两个地点分别设灌咸水后覆膜(SE+PM)和不灌咸水不覆膜(CK)处理,探讨初始土壤含水量对咸水灌溉下土壤水盐动态的影响。灌水量均为180 mm,灌溉咸水来自排水渠,矿化度分别为12.12 g·L-1和11.53 g·L-1,咸水入渗后,播种油葵。结果表明:春季咸水灌溉后覆膜能有效降低耕层土壤盐分,并且该项措施实施的时间越早越好,脱盐深度和脱盐率均较深和较高,本研究中,脱盐效果最优的为SE+PM处理,该处理在油葵收获后0~5 cm脱盐率为58.93%,土壤含盐量由1.15%降至0.51%。此外,脱盐效果也受到土壤初始含水量的影响,耕层土壤含水量 < 20%时,春季咸水灌溉覆膜处理对土壤盐分的淋洗效果较好,平均脱盐深度大于40 cm,保证了油葵正常生长,油葵出苗率和产量分别为73.9%和920 kg·hm-2,至油葵收获时,0~20 cm土层土壤含盐量由灌溉前的1.93%降低至0.32%,脱盐率达84.07%;而当耕层土壤含水量≥ 20%时,脱盐速度慢、深度浅,至油葵播种时,土壤盐分依然较高,导致油葵出苗率低,最终绝收。本研究通过利用春季高矿化度咸水灌溉和地膜覆盖措施,在春季干旱和土壤严重积盐条件下有效降低了耕层土壤盐分,为作物播种出苗提供适宜的土壤水分条件和低盐环境。

     

    Abstract: Filed experiments were conducted to study the dynamics of soil moisture and salt under saline water irrigation and plastic film mulching in coastal saline soils in spring in Haixing County, Hebei Province. Two field sites were selected—Xiaoshan Town with original soil moisture content ≥ 20% and Haixing Farm with original soil moisture content < 20%. A total of 6 treatments were designed for Xiaoshan Town, involved saline water irrigation at March 29th and April 13th with and without plastic film mulching, and plastic film mulching only, with no irrigation without plastic film mulching as the control. The treatments in Haixing Farm were CKN (no irrigation without plastic film mulching) and SE+PMN (saline water irrigation with plastic film mulching). The irrigation water was ponded from the drainage ditch along the field with salinity of 12.12 g·L-1 and 11.53 g·L-1 for Xiaoshan Town and Haixing Farm, respectively. The irrigation amount was 180 mm in both sites. Oil sunflower was planted after irrigation. Results showed that soil salt content in plough layer significantly reduced under saline water irrigation and plastic film mulching. The earlier the application of the treatment, the better the salt leaching effect obtained. Moreover, salt leaching effect was affected by the original soil water content. A better salt leaching effect was observed in Haixing Farm, and the average salt leaching depth was 40 cm. This ensured the normal growth of oil sunflower, with germination rate and yield of 73.9% and 920 kg·hm-2, respectively. Soil salt content decreased from 1.93% before irrigation to 0.32% at harvest stage of oil sunflower, with mean salt leaching rate of 84.07%. For the Xiaoshan Town experimental site, however, water was infiltrated through soil macro-pores and it was difficult for salt to leach out from soil micro-pores. Thus water infiltration at the rate of saturated hydraulic conductivity, which led to slow leaching rate and shallower leaching depth of soil salt. High soil salinity was maintained at sowing of oil sunflower limited its' normal growth and therefore no yield was obtained. In the research, soil salinity in plough layer reduced effectively through saline water irrigation and plastic film mulching in spring. This provided a suitable soil water and lower salinity for the normal germination of crops in coastal saline soils.

     

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