灌溉和施氮对河西走廊紫花苜蓿生物量分配与水分利用效率的影响
Effects of water and nitrogen fertilizer on biomass distribution and water use efficiency of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in Hexi Corridor
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摘要: 确定河西地区紫花苜蓿栽培草地的合理施氮量和灌溉量, 对优化当地紫花苜蓿栽培草地生物量分配和提高水分利用效率具有重要意义。本研究利用田间试验研究了不同灌溉量(W1: 当地灌溉量的60%; W2: 当地灌溉量的80%; W3: 当地灌溉量1 920 m3·hm-2)和施氮量[N1: 0 kg(N)·hm-2; N2: 40 kg(N)·hm-2; N3: 80 kg(N)·hm-2; N4: 120 kg(N)·hm-2]对2年生紫花苜蓿生物量分配特征及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明: 灌溉量为W2和W3时均显著增加了紫花苜蓿株高、单株分枝数、地上生物量, 及20~40 cm、40~60 cm和0~60 cm土层的根系体积、根系生物量和水分利用效率, 且W2和W3的紫花苜蓿株高、单株分枝数和地上生物量差异不明显, 说明采用当地灌溉量的80%水量时, 紫花苜蓿水分利用效率最高。随着施氮量增加, 紫花苜蓿单株分枝数、叶茎比、根系体积、根系生物量、地上和地下生物量比和水分利用效率均呈现先增加后降低的趋势, 且在施氮量为80 kg(N)·hm-2时最大, 说明紫花苜蓿根系发育和水分利用效率对氮的响应均存在剂量效应。在水氮互作条件下, 处理W2N2或W2N3中紫花苜蓿株高、单株分枝数、根系体积和0~20 cm、20~40 cm、0~60 cm根系生物量及地上生物量与地下生物量比值和水分利用效率达到最优。结合上述分析得出在灌溉量W2和施氮N3时, 紫花苜蓿地上地下生物量比值和水分利用效率达最大值, 表明河西走廊紫花苜蓿栽培草地的适宜灌溉量为当地灌溉的80%, 施氮量为80 kg·hm-2, 此时紫花苜蓿水分利用效率和地上地下生物量比值配置最优。Abstract: Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) has high nutritional quality and biomass production and is widely used as pasture in animal production and soil erosion control. There are many factors influencing the production of alfalfa, including fertilizer and water use. The applications of both nitrogen and irrigation have been the critical factors for improving water use efficiency without considerable yield reduction in alfalfa. Thus the determination of a reasonable application of nitrogen and irrigation is important for the optimization of biomass distribution characteristics and improvement of water use efficiency in alfalfa fields in Hexi Corridor. To that end, a field study was conducted in 2014 in Jiuquan City (in the Hexi Corridor of Gansu Province, China) to research the effects of different irrigation amounts (W1: 60% of the conventional irrigation amount; W2: 80% of the conventional irrigation amount; W3: the conventional irrigation amount, 1 920 m3·hm-2) and nitrogen application rates [N1: 0 kg(N)·hm-2; N2: 40 kg(N)·hm-2; N3: 80 kg(N)·hm-2; N4: 120 kg(N)·hm-2] on biomass distribution characteristics and water use efficiency of 2-year alfalfa plantations. The study investigated the effects of nitrogen application, irrigation and the related interaction on alfalfa plant height, branch number per plant, leaf-stem ratio, root volume, root biomass, aboveground- belowground biomass ratio and water use efficiency. The results suggested that W2 and W3 treatments significantly increased plant height, branch number per plant and aboveground biomass. It also increased root biomass, root volume in 2040 cm, 4060 cm and 060 cm soil layer and water use efficiency. Moreover, plant height, branch number per plant and aboveground biomass were not obviously different between W2 and W3 treatments. This suggested that 80% of the conventional irrigation scheme not only maintained normal biomass production in alfalfa plants, but also improved water use efficiency. Branch number per plant, leaf-stem ratio, root volume, root biomass, aboveground-belowground biomass ratio and water use efficiency initially increased and then decreased with increasing nitrogen application. These parameters peaked under the treatment of 80 kg(N)·hm-2 nitrogen, which suggested that nitrogen application significantly influenced root development and water use efficiency of alfalfa plants. Besides this, W2N2 or W2N3 treatments had the potential to optimize plant height, branch number per plant, root volume and belowground biomass in the 020 cm, 2040 cm and 060 cm soil layers. The ratio of aboveground to belowground biomass and water use efficiency was also optimized under W2N2 or W2N3 treatments. It was concluded that 80% of the conventional irrigation amount and 80 kg(N)·hm-2 of nitrogen application were the optimal treatment for alfalfa pasture in Hexi Corridor.
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Keywords:
- Water-nitrogen interaction /
- Hexi Corridor /
- Alfalfa /
- Yield components /
- Water use efficiency
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