Abstract: Soil pollution poses notable challenges to the ecological safety of agricultural land and human health. In recent years, rhizosphere remediation has emerged as a promising bioremediation technology characterized by its green, safe, and environmentally friendly nature. The unique biochemical and microbiological properties of the rhizosphere indicate that rhizosphere remediation has considerable potential for the remediation of soil pollution. This article offers a comprehensive review of the latest research trends and current applications of rhizosphere remediation technologies in the field of soil pollution mitigation. Rhizoremediation mechanisms have been discussed from three distinct perspectives: root exudates, iron plaques on root surfaces, and rhizosphere microorganisms. The root system can adsorb, fix, degrade, and transform pollutants by releasing root exudates and forming iron plaque, making it an indispensable natural driving force in the process of soil pollution remediation. Root exudates promote the remediation of contaminated soil by altering the physicochemical properties of the soil, regulating the structure of rhizosphere microbial communities, and promoting plant growth. The unique structural characteristics of iron plaques on the root surfaces can enhance the absorption of nutrients by plants, improve plant stress resistance, and influence pollutant transformation and transport. Rhizosphere microorganisms, as the core of fundamental remediation, can promote the degradation, transformation, and fixation of pollutants through their physiological and biochemical effects. They also reduce the bioavailability of pollutants and alleviate plant stress by secreting active substances. To understand the mechanism of rhizosphere remediation more comprehensively, the response mechanisms of rhizosphere microorganisms to pollution and the factors influencing these responses were analyzed. Depending on the nature of the pollutants, the abundance of tolerant and degrading microbial strains increases, leading to the formation of unique microbial community structures that cope with polluted environments. Additionally, different plant species, genotypes, and root ecological niches can influence the structure of rhizosphere microbial communities as well as the absorption and accumulation of pollutants. It has been proposed that the rhizosphere effect can be enhanced by the introduction of exogenous substances, modification of plant cultivation patterns, and the application of electric fields, thereby improving the effectiveness of soil pollution remediation. To accurately evaluate the level of soil pollution and remediation effects, reveal the molecular biological processes involved, and achieve precise remediation, future research should focus more on the construction of a root exudate indicator system under contaminated conditions, an in-depth exploration of the micromechanisms of rhizosphere remediation, and the combination with emerging technologies, such as machine learning and big data. This article provides a valuable reference and insight for research on soil pollution remediation technologies through a detailed review of the existing studies in this field.