Abstract: It is of great significance to clarify the evolution trend and driving mechanism of farming system in the black soil region of Northeast China for realizing black land protection and promoting agricultural modernization and high-quality development. Based on the literature analysis, combined with the social and economic historical background of each period, this paper explores the evolution of the farming system in the Northeast Black Soil Region after the founding of the People's Republic of China and its influencing factors.The results show that: 1) Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the farming system in the black soil region of Northeast China has undergone significant changes under the impetus of social and economic development and the influence of various factors, gradually transforming from traditional farming methods to modern agricultural models.Its evolution process can be mainly divided into three stages: the traditional farming system stage during the collectivization process, the stage of adjustment of decentralized farming systems, and the initial institutional stage of large-scale modern farming. In each stage, the farming system has presented different characteristics in line with the social and economic development of the period, reflecting the era features and progress trajectory of agricultural production. 2) The farming system in the black soil region of Northeast China is influenced by multiple factors such as agricultural productivity, production relations, and the physical conditions of cultivated land, thus presenting phased and historical evolution characteristics. Specifically, production relations play a leading role in guiding the direction of the evolution of the farming system, while productivity serves as the driving force for its continuous evolution. The physical conditions of cultivated land lay a solid foundation for the evolution of the farming system, enabling flexible adjustments in farming methods based on the characteristics of different cultivated land resources and external conditions during different growth periods of crops, thereby forming distinctive regional farming models. 3) It is necessary to accelerate the construction of a systematic, scientific and modernized farming system with black soil protection as the primary goal, regionalized policies as the basic strategy, and agronomic systems as the key core. This should be closely integrated with the development of new quality productivity in agriculture to promote the deep integration of agricultural civilization and modern technological elements, and to facilitate the sustainable utilization of black soil and the high-quality development of agriculture in the black soil region.