Abstract: It is of great significance to clarify the evolution trend and driving mechanism of farming system in northeast black soil region for realizing black land protection and promoting agricultural modernization and high-quality development. Based on the literature analysis, combined with the social and economic historical background of each period, this paper probes into the evolution of the farming system and its driving mechanism in the Northeast black soil region after liberation. The results show that: (1) The farming system in the black soil region of Northeast China has undergone remarkable changes, from traditional farming system to modern agriculture. Its evolution can be divided into three stages: the traditional farming system stage in the process of collectivization, the decentralized farming system adjustment stage, and the modern farming system stage of the current scale. (2) The driving mechanism of farming system evolution in the Northeast black soil region stems from the interaction among agricultural productivity, production relations and cultivated land site conditions, which guide the development direction of farming system together.Therefore, it is necessary to accelerate the construction of a systematic and scientific farming system with black land protection as the primary goal, regional policy as the basic approach, and agronomic system as the key core, so as to ensure the sustainability of agricultural production and promote agricultural modernization and high-quality development.