设施番茄土壤氮素淋失控制技术措施比较

Comparison of various technical measures for controlling nitrogen leaching from tomato-grown soil in greenhouse facilities

  • 摘要: 为有效降低设施番茄生产过程中不合理施氮和灌溉带来的土壤氮素淋失, 本研究应用可阻控土壤氮素淋失的物理阻隔材料、肥料增效剂、酶制剂和微生物菌剂等产品, 通过设置常规施肥(FP)、优化施肥(OPT)、物理化学调控(PCT)、生物生态调控(BET)、水肥调控(WRT)和综合调控(CRT)等措施对比研究菜田最佳土壤氮素淋失控制技术, 以期为设施菜田土壤氮素淋失阻控提供参考。结果表明: OPT与FP处理番茄产量持平, PCT、BET、WRT和CRT处理番茄产量比FP处理分别高4.70%、2.05%、7.93%和9.28%; WRT处理番茄纯收益最高, PCT处理最低。与FP处理相比, OPT、PCT、BET、WRT和CRT处理总氮淋失量分别降低25.6%、35.6%、34.5%、40.5%和40.9%, 硝态氮分别降低31.5%、32.7%、38.4%、43.9%和49.2%, 有机氮分别降低21.2%、37.7%、31.5%、38.0%和34.7%, 其中以CRT处理表现最优; 所有处理有机氮和硝态氮淋失量分别占总氮淋失量的55.2%~62.9%和36.7%~44.6%, 铵态氮占比不足0.5%。FP处理0~100 cm土层土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量均高于OPT处理, 20~100 cm土壤硝态氮表现为WRT处理>CRT处理>BET处理>PCT处理>OPT处理。在本研究中, 综合经济和环境效益, 水肥调控措施可作为设施番茄土壤氮素淋失控制最佳技术进行推广应用。

     

    Abstract: Tomatoe is the vegetable with the largest planting area in China. The soils in which the tomato is grown experience heavy nitrogen leaching owing to the application of large amounts of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation, which aggravate nitrate pollution of the groundwater. To effectively reduce soil nitrogen leaching caused by excessive nitrogen application and irrigation in tomato production facilities, we compared various control methods in this study by integrating physical barrier materials, fertilizer synergists, enzyme preparations, microbial preparations, and other products with fertilizer application technologies developed by the National Key Research and Development Project of China “Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollution Load Reduction Technology and Product Development in Agricultural Facilities”. The best control technology was then developed to provide a reference for controlling soil nitrogen leaching in vegetable fields. In this study, six treatments, which were conventional fertilization (FP), optimal fertilization (OPT), physicochemical regulation (PCT), bioecological regulation (BET), water and fertilizer regulation (WRT) and comprehensive regulation (CRT), were set up to control soil ntrogen leaching. The FP treatment used 18 t∙hm−2 of chiken manure with 50% organic matter content, and the application rates of chemical fertilizers N, P2O5 and K2O were 225 kg∙hm−2, 150 kg∙hm−2 and 450 kg∙hm−2. The total irrigation amount was 2700 m3∙hm−2. Under OPT treatment, same amount of commercial organic fertilizer with 60% organic matter content was used, and application amount of chemical fertilizer were ajusted. Compared to OPT treatment, physical barrier blocks and nitrification inhibitors (dicyandiamide) were used under PCT treatment, enzyme preparations and microbial preparations were added under BET treatment, fertilizer synergists (DY-ET100) was added under WRT treatment, and all the addtitions above were added under CRT treatment. Tomato yield, soil nitrogen leaching and nitrogen form in the leachat as well as the economic benefits from farmland growing tomatoes under different treatments were determined. The methods were compared and screened for the best in controlling soil nitrogen leaching. The results showed that tomatoes yield under OPT and FP treatments were similar, while tomatoes yield under CRT treatment was significant higher than that under FP, OPT and BET treatments. Compared to FP treatment, tomato yields under PCT, BET, WRT and CRT treatments increased by 4.70%, 2.05%, 7.93% and 9.28%, respectively. The CRT treatment resulted in the highest total revenue, followed by WRT, PCT and BET treatments, whereas the FP treatment had the lowest total revenue. However, WRT treatment showed the highest net income. The FP treatment showed the highest total nitrogen content (114.8 kg∙hm−2) in soil leachate, which were 25.6%, 35.6%, 34.5%, 40.5% and 40.9% higher than those of the OPT, PCT, BET, WRT and CRT treatments, respectively. The nitrate nitrogen leaching from the FP treatment was the highest (49.0 kg∙hm−2), and nitrate nitrogen leaching under OPT, PCT, BET, WRT and CRT treatments decreasd by 31.5%, 32.7%, 38.4%, 43.9% and 49.2%, respectively. The FP treatment resulted in the highest organic nitrogen leaching (65.8 kg∙hm−2), and organic nitrogen leaching under OPT, PCT, BET, WRT and CRT decreased by 21.2%, 37.7%, 31.5%, 38.0% and 34.7%, respectively. Organic nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen leaching accounted for 55.2%–62.9% and 36.7%–44.6% of total nitrogen leaching in the different treatments, respectively, whereas ammonium nitrogen accounted for less than 0.5% of total nitrogen leaching. Nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen contents in the 0–100 cm soil layer under FP treatment were both higher than that under OPT treatment. Moreover, the nitrate nitrogen content in the 20–100 cm soil layer was in the order of WRT>CRT>BET>PCT>OPT. In conclusion, in terms of both economic and environmental benefits, water and fertilizer regulation would be the best technology for controlling soil nitrogen leaching in tomato cultivation facilities.

     

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