A comparison and discussion of observational studies on farmland evapotranspiration in the North China Plain
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摘要:
华北平原是我国的粮食主产区之一, 然而该地区水资源非常短缺, 精准测算农田蒸散量(ET)对于该地区合理配置水资源、提高农业用水效率具有非常重要的科学意义和实践价值。本研究利用涡度相关法、水量平衡法和蒸渗仪法对2013年10月—2018年9月的华北平原典型冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟农田生态系统ET进行了连续的观测对比研究。结果表明: 3种方法测定的ET季节变化趋势基本一致, 且不同方法间ET变化显著正相关, 相关系数r>0.90; 总体表现为蒸渗仪法最高, 水量平衡法和涡度相关法较低, 水量平衡法计算的ET与蒸渗仪法和涡度相关法相关性均为在0.94, 因此其更适于不同尺度ET变化的验证研究。全年来看, 水量平衡法测得的平均年ET为788.6 mm, 比涡度相关法(717.9 mm)高9.8%, 蒸渗仪法测得的年ET为906.4 mm, 比涡度相关法高26.2%。冬小麦关键生育期(拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期)的ET占生育季总ET的57.3%~61.5%, 夏玉米关键生育期(抽穗期、开花期、灌浆期)的ET占生育季总ET的58.5%~61.6%。综上, 在ET变化及其影响等研究中可以根据研究内容及情况结合各种方法优缺点, 选择适宜的观测方法。
Abstract:The North China Plain is an important grain-producing area in China, and the water resources in this region are limited; therefore, accurately measuring the evapotranspiration (ET) of farmland is of great scientific significance and practical value for the region to reasonably allocate water resources and improve the efficiency of agricultural water use. In this study, ET was measured using the eddy covariance (EC), water balance (WB), and large-scale lysimeter (LYS) methods in a typical winter wheat and summer maize double-cropping agroecosystem in the North China Plain from October 2013 to September 2018. The results showed that the seasonal trends of ET measured by the three methods were generally consistent and were significantly positively correlated among the different methods with a correlation coefficient (r) of more than 0.90; the value of ET measured using the LYS method (ETLYS) was the highest, while the values of the WB method (ETWB) and the EC method (ETEC) were lower. The correlation coefficients between ETWB and ETLYS and ETEC were both approximately 0.94; thus, the WB method was more suitable for validating ET changes at different scales. The average annual ETWB and ETLYS were 788.6 mm and 906.4 mm, which were 9.8% and 26.2% higher than ETEC (717.9 mm), respectively. The ET of winter wheat during the key growth periods (jointing, heading, and filling stages) accounted for 57.3%−61.5% of the total ET during the growing season; for summer maize, the ET in the key growth periods (heading, flowering, and filling stages) accounted for 58.5%−61.6%. In summary, in studies of ET changes and their effects, appropriate observation methods should be selected based on specific objectives and the advantages and disadvantages of the various methods.
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Keywords:
- Evapotranspiration /
- Eddy covariance /
- Lysimeter /
- Water balance /
- North China Plain
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图 1 涡度相关系统能量平衡闭合度评价
H+LE: 湍流能量; Rn−G: 有效能量。H+LE: turbulence energy; Rn−G: available energy.
Figure 1. Energy balance closure of the eddy covariance system
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图 2 研究区农田生态系统环境因子的季节变化
Figure 2. Seasonal variation of environmental factors in farmland ecosystem in the study area
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图 3 涡度相关法(EC)、水量平衡法(WB)和蒸渗仪法(LYS) 3种方法测定蒸散量(ET)的相关关系
Figure 3. Relationship between evapotranspiration (ET) measured by eddy covariance (EC), water balance (WB) and large-scale lysimeter (LYS) methods
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图 4 涡度相关法(CE)、水量平衡法(WB)和蒸渗仪法(LYS)测得的冬小麦与夏玉米不同生育期的蒸散量(ET)
Se: 幼苗期; Ov: 越冬期; Re: 返青期; Jo: 拔节期; He: 抽穗期; Fl: 开花期; Fi: 灌浆期; Ma: 成熟期。误差线为5年ET的标准差。不同字母表示3种方法在P<0.05水平差异显著。Se: seedling; Ov: overwintering; Re: reviving; Jo: jointing; He: heading; Fl: flowering; Fi: filling; Ma: maturity. The error bars represent the standard deviation of ET for five years. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among three methods (P<0.05).
Figure 4. Evapotranspiration (ET) of winter wheat and summer maize at different growth stages measured by eddy covariance (EC), water balance (WB) and large-scale lysimeter (LYS) methods
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图 5 观测期间涡度相关法能量闭合度(EBR)的季节变化
Figure 5. Seasonal variation of energy balance ratio (EBR) during the observation periods
表 1 冬小麦和夏玉米生育期划分
Table 1 Division of growth stages (month-day) of winter wheat and summer maize
作物 Crop 生育期 Growth stage 日期(月-日) Date (month-day) 作物 Crop 生育期 Growth stage 日期(月-日) Date (month-day) 冬小麦
Winter wheat幼苗期 Seedling 10-01—10-31 夏玉米
Summer maize幼苗期 Seedling 06-15—07-10 越冬期 Over-wintering 11-01—02-28 抽穗期 Heading 07-11—07-25 返青期 Reviving 03-01—04-01 开花期 Flowering 07-26—08-05 拔节期 Jointing 04-02—04-16 灌浆期 Filling 08-06—08-31 抽穗期 Heading 04-17—05-06 成熟期 Maturity 09-01—09-30 灌浆期 Filling 05-07—05-31 成熟期 Maturity 06-01—06-14 
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表 2 涡度相关系统所用分析仪相关信息
Table 2 Information about the analyzers used in the eddy covariance system
观测要素 Observed element 仪器 Instrument 高度 Height (m) 三维超声风速 Three-dimensional wind speed CSAT3, Campbell, USA 3.5 CO2/H2O密度 CO2/H2O density Li-7500, Li-COR, USA 3.5 净辐射 Net radiation CNR1, Kipp&Zonen, Netherlands 3.5 降水量 Precipitation HPM155, Campbell, USA 3.5 土壤含水量 Soil water content TDR, CS616, Campbell, USA −2.0
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表 3 冬小麦和夏玉米生育季3种方法测定的蒸散对比
Table 3 Comparison of evapotranspiration (ET) measured by three methods during winter wheat and summer maize seasons
作物季节 Crop season 总蒸散 Cumulative ET (mm) 日均蒸散 Daily average ET (mm·d−1) ETEC ETWB ETLYS ETEC ETWB ETLYS 冬小麦 Winter wheat 411.0±18.5c 441.7±10.3b 517.0±14.6a 1.6±0.1c 1.7±0.0b 2.0±0.1a 夏玉米 Summer maize 306.9±17.2c 346.8±15.5b 389.3±30.0a 2.8±0.2c 3.2±0.1b 3.6±0.3a 全年 Whole year 717.9±13.2c 788.6±25.0b 906.4±35.6a 2.0±0.0c 2.2±0.1b 2.5±0.1a EC、WB和LYS分别表示涡度相关法、水量平衡法和蒸渗仪法, 数据为5年平均值±标准差。同行不同字母表示3种方法在P<0.05水平差异显著。EC, WB, and LYS represent the eddy covariance, water balance, and lysimeter methods. The mean and standard deviation for five years are shown. Different lowercase letters in the same line indicate significant differences among three methods (P<0.05).
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