不同氮肥类型对稻-油轮作氨挥发和氮肥利用率的影响

Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer types on ammonia volatilization and nitrogen use efficiency of rice-oilseed rape rotation systems

    摘要
  • 摘要: 水稻-油菜(稻-油)轮作是我国代表性轮作方式之一, 然而不合理的氮肥施用导致稻-油轮作系统氮肥利用率下降和氮素流失。为此, 本研究采用随机区组设计, 以不施氮肥(CK)为对照, 设尿素(UF)、缓释肥+尿素(SF)、尿素+硝化抑制剂+脲酶抑制剂(DF)和生物炭+尿素(BF) 4个处理, 拟探明不同氮肥类型对稻-油轮作系统氨挥发和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明, 不同氮肥类型显著影响NH3挥发、氮肥利用率与作物产量。1)各处理水稻季氨挥发均高于油菜季。与CK相比, UF、SF、DF和BF处理周年累积NH3挥发量分别显著提高1.6倍、1.0倍、1.1倍和0.8倍。与UF相比, SF、DF和BF周年累积NH3挥发量分别显著降低20.5%、19.7%和30.9%。2)与UF相比, SF、DF和BF油菜季氮肥吸收利用率分别提高27.9%、10.3%和19.3%, 水稻季氮肥吸收利用率分别提高49.3%、32.8%和41.5%。3)与UF相比, SF、DF和BF油菜产量分别提高6.7%、2.8%和4.3%, 水稻产量分别提高36.7%、14.0%和23.4%。与UF相比, SF油菜季经济效益提高24.3%, SF、DF和BF水稻季经济效益分别提高70.7%、21.1%和1.1%, 其中SF经济效益最高。本研究结果表明, 缓释肥+尿素能显著减少稻-油轮作NH3挥发损失, 并更有效地提高氮肥利用率、作物产量和经济效益, 是一项经济生态的施肥模式。

     

    Abstract: The rice-oilseed rape rotation is one of the main rotational patterns in China. However, excessive nitrogen fertilizer application reduces nitrogen use efficiency and causes nitrogen loss during rotation. In this study, a field experiment with a randomized block design was conducted to investigate the effects of different nitrogen fertilizer types on ammonia volatilization and nitrogen use efficiency during rice-oilseed rape rotation. Five treatments were applied: urea (UF), slow-release fertilizer + urea (SF), urea + nitrification inhibitor + urease inhibitor (DF), biochar + urea (BF), and no nitrogen fertilizer (CK). The results showed that the nitrogen fertilizer type significantly affected NH3 volatilization, nitrogen use efficiency, and grain yield. 1) Ammonia volatilization was higher during the rice season than during the oilseed rape season. Compared with the CK, the UF, SF, DF, and BF treatments significantly increased the annual NH3 volatilization by 1.6, 1.0, 1.1, and 0.8 times, respectively. Moreover, compared with the UF, the SF, DF, and BF treatments significantly reduced the annual cumulative NH3 volatilization by 20.5%, 19.7%, and 30.9%, respectively. 2) Compared with the UF, the SF, DF, and BF treatments increased the nitrogen recovery efficiency by 27.9%, 10.3%, and 19.3% in the oilseed rape season and by 49.3%, 32.8%, and 41.5% in the rice season, respectively. 3) Compared with the UF, the SF, DF, and BF treatments increased the oilseed rape yield by 6.7%, 2.8%, and 4.3%, and the rice yield by 36.7%, 14.0%, and 23.4%, respectively. Compared with the UF, the SF treatment significantly increased the economic benefit in the oilseed rape season by 24.3%, whereas the SF, DF, and BF treatments increased the economic benefit in the rice season by 70.7%, 21.1%, and 1.1%, respectively, with the highest economic benefit observed in the SF treatment. The results of this study show that slow-release fertilizer plus urea is an economic and ecological fertilization mode for reducing the NH3 volatilization loss of rice-oilseed rape rotation and improving nitrogen recovery efficiency, yield, and economic benefits.

     

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