Can the adoption of ecological farming and breeding techniques improve the social capital of farmers: taking the integrated rice-crayfish farming technique as an example
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摘要:
生态种养技术的经济和生态功能一直备受关注, 但社会功能却一定程度上被忽视。为探究生态种养技术的社会功能, 本文基于湖北省江汉平原地区1039份稻虾生态种养农户的调研数据, 采用处理效应模型, 分析并检验了生态种养技术采纳行为对农户社会资本水平的提升作用。结果表明: 1)稻虾生态种养技术的社会功能十分突出, 稻虾生态种养技术采纳行为对农户社会资本存在显著的提升效应。农户采纳稻虾生态种养技术后社会资本总量水平会提升0.047个单位, 其中社会网络规模将扩大114.266个单位, 而社会网络地位则降低了3.595个单位。2)从影响机制来看, 合作社参与和互联网使用是稻虾生态种养技术采纳行为提升农户社会资本的重要途径。3)从异质性分析来看, 稻虾生态种养技术采纳行为对农户社会资本的提升效应存在收入和年龄异质性, 稻虾生态种养技术采纳行为对高收入和60岁以下农户的社会资本提升效应更为明显。因此, 要全面地认识和客观地评价稻虾生态种养技术的社会功能, 进而促进农户社会资本积累。
Abstract:The economic and ecological functions of ecological farming and breeding techniques have received considerable attention, however, their social functions have been ignored. To explore the social function of ecological farming and breeding technique, this study analyzed the impact of the adoption behavior of integrated rice-crayfish farming techniques on social capital using a treatment effect model based on survey data of 1039 rice-crayfish farmers in the Jianghan Plain, Hubei Province. The results were as follows: 1) The social function of the integrated rice-crayfish farming technique was extremely prominent. In other words, the adoption of the integrated rice-crayfish farming technique significantly boosted the farmers’ social capital. After farmers adopted this technique, the total level of social capital increased by 0.047 units, of which the scale of social networks expanded by 114.266 units, while the status of social networks decreased by 3.595 units. 2) From the mechanism perspective, the adoption of integrated rice-crayfish farming technique boosted farmers’ social capital by promoting their cooperative participation and Internet use. 3) From the heterogeneity analysis, there was income and age heterogeneity in the impact of integrated rice-crayfish farming technique adoption behavior on social capital; the adoption behavior of integrated rice-crayfish farming techniques had a more pronounced effect on the social capital of high-income farmers and farmers under 60 years old. Therefore, it is necessary to understand and evaluate the social functions of integrated rice-crayfish farming technique in order to promote social capital accumulation among farmers.
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表 1 江汉平原各县(区、市)样本农户稻虾生态种养技术采纳情况
Table 1 Adoption of integrated rice-crayfish farming technique of sample farmers in counties (cities) of Jianghan Plain
县(区、市)
County (district, city)采纳 Adopted 未采纳 Non-adopted 户数
Households比例
Ratio (%)户数
Households比例
Ratio (%)沙市区 Shashi District 71 68.93 32 31.07 江陵县 Jiangling County 70 58.33 50 41.67 公安县 Gong’an County 101 84.87 18 15.13 石首市 Shishou City 64 54.24 54 45.76 监利市 Jianli City 99 85.34 17 14.66 洪湖市 Honghu City 65 56.03 51 43.97 仙桃市 Xiantao City 80 67.80 38 32.20 潜江市 Qianjiang City 114 98.28 2 1.72 天门市 Tianmen City 53 46.90 60 53.10 全样本 Total 717 69.01 322 30.99 
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表 2 稻虾生态种养技术采纳行为影响农户社会资本的相关变量定义与描述性统计分析
Table 2 Definition and descriptive statistical analysis of relevant variables affecting social capital of integrated rice-crayfish farming technique adoption behavior of farmers
变量名称
Variable name变量定义与赋值
Variable definition and assignment均值
Mean标准差
Standard deviation采纳行为
Adoption behavior2020年是否采纳了稻虾生态种养技术? 1=是; 0=否
Have you adopted the integrated rice-crayfish farming technique in 2020? 1=yes; 0=no0.690 0.463 社会资本
Social capital0.095 0.088 社会网络地位
Social network status种植水稻、收割稻谷或捕捞小龙虾时愿意帮忙的人数
Number of people willing to help when planting, harvesting rice or catching crayfish1.062 2.601 社会网络规模
Social network scale手机通讯录人数
Number of mobile phone contacts135.684 175.637 社会网络信息交换频率
Frequency of information exchange in social network家庭成员参加村集体选举、文娱等活动较多? (从低到高赋值1~5分)
Household members participate more in the collective village elections, recreation and other activities? (1−5 points from low to high)3.480 0.916 年龄
Age受访者实际年龄
Respondent’ actual age56.476 9.103 劳动力人数
Labor家庭中主要从事农业劳动的人数
Number of people in the household mainly engaged in agricultural work1.889 0.594 收入
Income2020年家庭总收入
Total household income in 2020 (×104 ¥)20.573 70.516 政治背景
Political background是否有家庭成员担任村干部? 1=是; 0=否
Are there any family members serving as village officials? 1=yes; 0=no0.243 0.501 经营规模
Scale2020年家庭实际耕作面积
Actual household cultivated area in 2020 (hm2)2.152 2.571 合作社参与
Cooperative participation是否加入合作社? 1=是; 0=否
Do you join the cooperative? 1=yes; 0=no0.193 0.395 土地流转
Land transfer2020年是否转入(出)土地? 1=是; 0=否
Has there been any land transfer in 2020? 1=yes; 0 =no0.670 0.470 互联网使用
Internet access是否利用互联网查阅稻虾生态种养技术的相关信息? 1=是; 0=否
Do you access information about the integrated rice-crayfish farming technique via the Internet? 1=yes; 0=no0.508 0.500 邻里采纳
Neighborhood adoption周围采纳稻虾生态种养技术的农户很多? (从低到高赋值1~5分)
Are there many farmers around adopting the integrated rice-crayfish farming technique? (1−5 points from low to high)4.150 0.851 技术门槛认知
Technology threshold perception稻虾生态种养技术采纳门槛高(专门培训或大额投资)? (从低到高赋值1~5分)
Is the threshold for adoption of the integrated rice-crayfish farming technique (specialized training or significant investment) high? (1−5 points from low to high)3.299 0.951
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表 3 农户社会资本总量与分维水平
Table 3 Total amount and fractal dimension of household social capital of farmers
变量
Variable均值
Mean标准差
Standard deviation最小值
Minimum最大值
Maximum社会资本 Social capital 0.094 0.088 0.003 0.692 社会网络地位 Social network status 1.062 2.601 0 30.000 社会网络规模 Social network scale 135.684 175.637 0 1070.000 社会网络信息交换频率
Frequency of information exchange in social network3.480 0.916 1.000 5.000
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表 4 农户稻虾生态种养技术采纳行为与社会资本结构分布
Table 4 Aadoption behavior of the integrated rice-crayfish farming technique and the distribution of social capital structure of farmers
类型
Type采纳组占比 (n=717)
Proportion of adopted group (%)未采纳组占比 (n=322)
Proportion of non-adopted group (%)强社会资本型 Strong social capital 36.12 31.06 社会网络地位占优 Dominant social network status 18.97 25.47 社会网络规模占优 Dominant social network scale 33.89 25.78 社会网络信息交换频率占优
Dominant frequency of information exchange in social network58.30 60.25
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表 5 稻虾生态种养技术采纳行为决策与社会资本提升影响因素联合估计结果
Table 5 Results of joint estimation of the factors affecting the adoption of the integrated rice-crayfish farming technique and the improvement of social capital of farmers
变量名称
Variable name选择方程
Selection equation结果方程
Outcome equation采纳行为(1)
Adoption behavior采纳组(2)
Adopted未采纳组(3)
Non-adopted系数
Coefficient标准误
Standard error系数
Coefficient标准误
Standard error系数
Coefficient标准误
Standard error年龄 Age −0.018*** 0.005 −0.002*** 0.000 −0.001*** 0.001 劳动力人数 Labor 0.164** 0.081 0.001 0.005 −0.005 0.008 收入 Income 0.022*** 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 政治背景 Political background −0.413*** 0.093 0.053*** 0.006 0.044*** 0.009 经营规模 Scale 0.000 0.002 0.000** 0.000 0.000 0.000 合作社参与 Cooperative participation 0.287** 0.130 0.020*** 0.007 0.019 0.014 土地流转 Land transfer 0.178* 0.102 0.007*** 0.001 0.012 0.010 互联网使用 Internet access 0.466*** 0.095 0.009* 0.005 0.004 0.011 邻里采纳状况 Neighborhood adoption 0.611*** 0.058 0.000 0.005 −0.017*** 0.006 技术门槛认知 Technology threshold perception −0.158*** 0.047 — — Wald chi2 1664.290*** Log likelihood 678.273 Corr −0.393*** 样本数 Sample size 1039 *: P < 0.1; **: P < 0.05; ***: P < 0.01.
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表 6 稻虾生态种养技术采纳行为对农户社会资本的平均处理效应
Table 6 Average treatment effects of the integrated rice-crayfish farming technique adoption behavior on farmers’ social capital
变量名称
Variable name平均处理效应
Average treatments effect标准误
Standard error样本数
Sample size社会资本 Social capital 0.047** 0.019 1039 社会网络地位 Social network status −3.595*** 0.341 1039 社会网络规模 Social network scale 114.266*** 30.173 1039 社会网络信息交换频率
Frequency of information exchange in social network−0.209 0.343 1039 **: P < 0.05; ***: P < 0.01.
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表 7 稻虾生态种养技术采纳行为对社会资本提升效应的稳健性检验结果
Table 7 Robust test results of the promotion effect of the integrated rice-crayfish farming technique adoption behavior on farmers’ social capital
变量名称
Variable name平均处理效应
Average treatments effect标准误
Standard error样本数
Sample size社会资本 Social capital 0.050*** 0.019 1039 社会网络地位 Social network status −3.619*** 0.341 1039 社会网络规模 Social network scale 115.403*** 29.973 1039 社会网络信息交换频率
Frequency of information exchange in social network−0.251 0.341 1039 ***: P < 0.01.
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表 8 稻虾生态种养技术采纳行为对社会资本提升效应的机制分析
Table 8 Mechanism analysis of social capital enhancement effect of the integrated rice-crayfish farming technique adoption behavior of farmers
变量名称
Variable name土地流转
Land transfer合作社参与
Cooperative participation互联网使用
Internet access系数
Coefficient标准误
Standard error系数
Coefficient标准误
Standard error系数
Coefficient标准误
Standard error采纳行为
Adoption behavior0.053 0.109 0.282** 0.122 0.542*** 0.093 控制变量
Control variable已控制 Controlled 已控制 Controlled 已控制 Controlled Pseudo R2 0.233 0.081 0.100 样本数 Sample size 1039 1039 1039 **: P < 0.05; ***: P < 0.01.
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表 9 稻虾生态种养技术采纳行为对社会资本提升效应的异质性分析
Table 9 Heterogeneity analysis of social capital enhancement effect of integrated rice-crayfish farming technique adoption behavior
变量名称
Variable name平均处理效应
Average treatment
effect标准误
Standard
error样本数
Sample
size高收入
High income0.069 0.046 322 低收入
Low income−0.086*** 0.013 717 60岁以上
Over 60 years old0.013 0.021 318 60岁及以下
Aged 60 and under0.056*** 0.025 721 ***: P < 0.01.
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