Effects of subsoiling tillage on grain dehydration characteristics of maize hybrids in different eras
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摘要:
深松作为一种保护性耕作措施, 是当前玉米增密增产的有效调控手段, 在我国有良好的应用前景。但深松是否影响玉米籽粒脱水特性, 还缺乏更加深入的研究。据此, 本试验选用1970s—2010s 5个年代的代表性玉米品种, 采用深松(35 cm)和传统浅旋(15 cm)两种耕作方式, 设置裂区试验, 探究不同年代玉米品种生理成熟前后籽粒脱水特性及其对深松耕作的响应规律, 为机械化籽粒直收背景下采取该措施提供理论支持。结果表明, 不同年代玉米品种籽粒脱水特性存在显著差异, 2000s和2010s品种生理成熟期籽粒含水率低于其余品种, 2010s品种的收获期籽粒含水率明显低于其余品种, 而2000s和2010s品种的生理成熟前籽粒脱水速率高于其余品种。对比浅旋, 深松后1970s—2010s各品种吐丝后15~35 d籽粒含水率的下降幅度增加, 生理成熟前籽粒脱水速率有小幅度增加, 而生理成熟后籽粒脱水速率无显著变化, 且深松对生理成熟期和收获期籽粒含水率的影响均较小。深松后各品种苞叶和穗轴生理成熟前、后脱水速率均降低, 而穗柄脱水速率无明显变化。综合来看, 2000s和2010s品种的籽粒脱水特性明显优于其余年代品种, 而深松耕作主要通过提升吐丝后15~35 d籽粒含水率的下降量促进了籽粒脱水, 使深松下玉米生理成熟前籽粒脱水速率有较小幅度增加; 深松后苞叶、穗轴生理成熟前、后脱水速率降低, 而对生理成熟后籽粒脱水速率、生理成熟期和收获期籽粒含水率均无显著影响。
Abstract:As a protective tillage measure, subsoiling tillage is an effective control method for increasing maize density and yield and has good application prospects in China. However, researches on the effect of subsoiling on the dehydration characteristics of maize grains is lacking. Accordingly, we selected five representative maize hybrids from the 1970s to the 2010s in different eras, adopted two tillage methods, subsoiling tillage (35 cm deep) and shallow rotation tillage (15 cm deep), and set up a split plot test. The variations in grain dehydration characteristics before and after the physiological maturity of maize hybrids across different eras and their response to subsoiling tillage were investigated. The objective of the study is to offer theoretical support for the adoption of this practice in the context of mechanical grain harvesting. The results revealed significant differences in the grain dehydration characteristics of maize hybrids from different eras. The grain moisture contents at physiological maturity (MCpm) of the 2000s and the 2010s hybrids were lower than those of the other hybrids, whereas the grain moisture contents at harvest (MCh) of the 2010s hybrids were also lower than those of the other hybrids. The dehydration rates before physiological maturity (GDRbm) of the 2000s and 2010s hybrids were higher than those of the other hybrids. Compared with the traditional shallow rotation tillage, the decrease of grain water content in 15–35 d after anthesis increased, GDRbm had a small increasing trend, whereas the dehydration rates after physiological maturity (GDRam) showed no significant change under subsoiling tillage; and the effect of subsoiling on MCpm and MCh was small. Compared to shallow rotation tillage, the dehydration rates of the bracts and ear cobs under subsoiling tillage before and after physiological maturity decreased, whereas the dehydration rate of the ear stalks showed no significant change. In summary, the hybrids from the 2000s and 2010s demonstrated superior performance in dehydration characteristics for mechanical grain harvesting. Subsoiling tillage notably enhanced grain dehydration by primarily augmenting the reduction in grain water content in 15–35 d after anthesis. This resulted in a marginal increase in the grain dehydration rate before physiological maturity post-subsoiling along with a reduction in the dehydration rates of bract and ear cob both before and after physiological maturity following subsoiling tillage. However, there was no significant impact of tillage measures on the grain dehydration rate after physiological maturity or the water content of grains at physiological maturity and harvest stages.
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Keywords:
- Maize /
- Subsoiling tillage /
- Hybrids from different eras /
- Dehydration characteristics /
- Ear organ
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图 1 2018—2019年试验区玉米生育期内主要气象因子
Figure 1. Main meteorological factors during maize growth periods in the experimental area during 2018−2019
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图 2 2018年和2019年浅旋(RT)和深松(SS)下不同年代玉米品种籽粒含水率的动态变化
ZD2: 1970s品种‘中单2号’; DY13: 1980s品种‘丹玉13’; YD13: 1990s品种‘掖单13’; XY335: 2000s品种‘先玉335’; DH618: 2010s品种‘登海618’。RT: 浅旋15 cm; SS: 深松35 cm。ZD2: 1970s hybrid of ‘Zhongdan 2’; DY13: 1980s hybrid of ‘Danyu 13’; YD13: 1990s hybrid of ‘Yedan 13’; XY335: 2000s hybrid of ‘Xianyu 335’; DH618: 2010s hybrid of ‘Denghai 618’. RT: shallow rotation 15 cm; SS: subsoiling 35 cm.
Figure 2. Dynamics of grain water contents of different maize hybrids from different eras under shallow rotation (RT) and subsoiling (SS) tillage in 2018 and 2019
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图 3 2018年和2019年浅旋(RT)和深松(SS)下不同年代玉米品种生理成熟前后的籽粒脱水速率
不同小写字母表示相同耕作措施下不同品种间差异显著(P<0.05)。ZD2: 1970s品种‘中单2号’; DY13: 1980s品种‘丹玉13’; YD13: 1990s品种‘掖单13’; XY335: 2000s品种‘先玉335’; DH618: 2010s品种‘登海618’。RT: 浅旋15 cm; SS: 深松35 cm。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P<0.05 level among different hybrids under same tillage measure. ZD2: 1970s hybrid of ‘Zhongdan 2’; DY13: 1980s hybrid of ‘Danyu 13’; YD13: 1990s hybrid of ‘Yedan 13’; XY335: 2000s hybrid of ‘Xianyu 335’; DH618: 2010s hybrid of ‘Denghai 618’. RT: shallow rotation 15 cm; SS: subsoiling 35 cm.
Figure 3. Grain dehydration rates of different maize hybrids from different eras before and after physiological maturity under shallow rotation (RT) and subsoiling (SS) tillage in 2018 and 2019
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图 4 2018年和2019年浅旋(RT)和深松(SS)下不同年代玉米品种苞叶含水率的动态变化
ZD2: 1970s品种‘中单2号’; DY13: 1980s品种‘丹玉13’; YD13: 1990s品种‘掖单13’; XY335: 2000s品种‘先玉335’; DH618: 2010s品种‘登海618’。RT: 浅旋15 cm; SS: 深松35 cm。ZD2: 1970s hybrid of ‘Zhongdan 2’; DY13: 1980s hybrid of ‘Danyu 13’; YD13: 1990s hybrid of ‘Yedan 13’; XY335: 2000s hybrid of ‘Xianyu 335’; DH618: 2010s hybrid of ‘Denghai 618’. RT: shallow rotation 15 cm; SS: subsoiling 35 cm.
Figure 4. Dynamics of bract water contents of different maize hybrids from different eras under shallow rotation (RT) and subsoiling (SS) tillage in 2018 and 2019
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图 5 2018年和2019年浅旋(RT)和深松(SS)下不同年代玉米品种生理成熟前后苞叶的脱水速率
不同小写字母表示相同耕作措施下不同品种间差异显著(P<0.05)。ZD2: 1970s品种‘中单2号’; DY13: 1980s品种‘丹玉13’; YD13: 1990s品种‘掖单13’; XY335: 2000s品种‘先玉335’; DH618: 2010s品种‘登海618’。RT: 浅旋15 cm; SS: 深松35 cm。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P<0.05 level among different hybrids under same tillage measure. ZD2: 1970s hybrid of ‘Zhongdan 2’; DY13: 1980s hybrid of ‘Danyu 13’; YD13: 1990s hybrid of ‘Yedan 13’; XY335: 2000s hybrid of ‘Xianyu 335’; DH618: 2010s hybrid of ‘Denghai 618’. RT: shallow rotation 15 cm; SS: subsoiling 35 cm.
Figure 5. Bract dehydration rates of different maize hybrids from different eras before and after physiological maturity under shallow rotation (RT) and subsoiling (SS) tillage in 2018 and 2019
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图 6 2018年和2019年浅旋(RT)和深松(SS)条件下不同年代玉米品种穗轴含水率的动态变化
ZD2: 1970s品种‘中单2号’; DY13: 1980s品种‘丹玉13’; YD13: 1990s品种‘掖单13’; XY335: 2000s品种‘先玉335’; DH618: 2010s品种‘登海618’。RT: 浅旋15 cm; SS: 深松35 cm。ZD2: 1970s hybrid of ‘Zhongdan 2’; DY13: 1980s hybrid of ‘Danyu 13’; YD13: 1990s hybrid of ‘Yedan 13’; XY335: 2000s hybrid of ‘Xianyu 335’; DH618: 2010s hybrid of ‘Denghai 618’. RT: shallow rotation 15 cm; SS: subsoiling 35 cm.
Figure 6. Dynamics of ear cob water contents of different maize hybrids from different eras under shallow rotation (RT) and subsoiling (SS) tillage in 2018 and 2019
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图 7 2018年和2019年浅旋(RT)和深松(SS)下不同年代玉米品种生理成熟前后穗轴的脱水速率
不同小写字母表示相同耕作措施下不同品种间差异显著(P<0.05)。ZD2: 1970s品种‘中单2号’; DY13: 1980s品种‘丹玉13’; YD13: 1990s品种‘掖单13’; XY335: 2000s品种‘先玉335’; DH618: 2010s品种‘登海618’。RT: 浅旋15 cm; SS: 深松35 cm。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P<0.05 level among different hybrids under same tillage measrue. ZD2: 1970s hybrid of ‘Zhongdan 2’; DY13: 1980s hybrid of ‘Danyu 13’; YD13: 1990s hybrid of ‘Yedan 13’; XY335: 2000s hybrid of ‘Xianyu 335’; DH618: 2010s hybrid of ‘Denghai 618’. RT: shallow rotation 15 cm; SS: subsoiling 35 cm.
Figure 7. Ear cob dehydration rates of different maize hybrids from different eras before and after physiological maturity under shallow rotation (RT) and subsoiling (SS) tillage in 2018 and 2019
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图 8 2018年和2019年浅旋(RT)和深松(SS)下不同年代玉米品种穗柄含水率的动态变化
ZD2: 1970s品种‘中单2号’; DY13: 1980s品种‘丹玉13’; YD13: 1990s品种‘掖单13’; XY335: 2000s品种‘先玉335’; DH618: 2010s品种‘登海618’。RT: 浅旋15 cm; SS: 深松35 cm。ZD2: 1970s hybrid of ‘Zhongdan 2’; DY13: 1980s hybrid of ‘Danyu 13’; YD13: 1990s hybrid of ‘Yedan 13’; XY335: 2000s hybrid of ‘Xianyu 335’; DH618: 2010s hybrid of ‘Denghai 618’. RT: shallow rotation 15 cm; SS: subsoiling 35 cm.
Figure 8. Dynamics of ear stalk water contents of different maize hybrids from different eras under shallow rotation (RT) and subsoiling (SS) tillage in 2018 and 2019
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图 9 2018年和2019年浅旋(RT)和深松(SS)下不同年代玉米品种生理成熟前后穗柄的脱水速率
不同小写字母表示相同耕作措施下不同品种间差异显著(P<0.05)。ZD2: 1970s品种‘中单2号’; DY13: 1980s品种‘丹玉13’; YD13: 1990s品种‘掖单13’; XY335: 2000s品种‘先玉335’; DH618: 2010s品种‘登海618’。RT: 浅旋15 cm; SS: 深松35 cm。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P<0.05 level among different hybrids under same tillage measrue. ZD2: 1970s hybrid of ‘Zhongdan 2’; DY13: 1980s hybrid of ‘Danyu 13’; YD13: 1990s hybrid of ‘Yedan 13’; XY335: 2000s hybrid of ‘Xianyu 335’; DH618: 2010s hybrid of ‘Denghai 618’. RT: shallow rotation 15 cm; SS: subsoiling 35 cm.
Figure 9. Ear stalk dehydration rates of different maize hybrids from different eras before and after physiological maturity under shallow rotation (RT) and subsoiling (SS) tillage in 2018 and 2019
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图 10 玉米籽粒含水率与穗部其他器官含水率的相关性
**: P<0.01.
Figure 10. Correlation between grain water content and water content of other organs in the ear of maize
表 1 2018—2019年试验区基础肥力
Table 1 Soil basic fertility of the experimental area during 2018−2019
年份
Year有机质
Organic matter
(g∙kg−1)全氮
Total nitrogen
(g∙kg−1)碱解氮
Alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen
(mg∙kg−1)速效磷
Available phosphorus
(mg∙kg−1)速效钾
Available potassium
(mg∙kg−1)pH 2018 19.63 1.48 78.18 17.06 155.19 7.95 2019 17.74 1.31 79.31 18.45 144.00 8.49 
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表 2 2018—2019年试验区不同耕作方式下玉米不同生育期土壤主要物理性状
Table 2 Main soil physical properties at different maize growth stages under different tillage methods in the experimental area during 2018−2019
年份
Year耕作方式
Tillage method苗期
Seedling stage (VE)成熟期
Maturity stage (R6)土壤紧实度
Soil compactness
(kPa)土壤含水率
Soil moisture content
(%)土壤容重
Soil bulk density
(g∙cm−3)土壤紧实度
Soil compactness
(kPa)土壤含水率
Soil moisture content
(%)土壤容重
Soil bulk density
(g∙cm−3)2018 RT 2194.19 16.59 1.57 2675.50 14.94 1.61 SS 1775.23 19.23 1.46 2443.14 16.11 1.55 2019 RT 2532.46 16.97 1.54 1333.41 18.84 1.64 SS 1850.77 14.01 1.43 1143.86 15.90 1.54 RT: 浅旋15 cm; SS: 深松35 cm。RT: shallow rotation 15 cm; SS: subsoiling 35 cm.
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表 3 2018年和2019年浅旋(RT)和深松(SS)下不同年代玉米品种生理成熟期籽粒含水率差异和方差分析
Table 3 Difference and variance analysis of grain water contents of different maize hybrids from different eras at physiological maturity satge under shallow rotation (RT) and subsoiling (SS) tillage in 2018 and 2019
% 年代
Era品种
Hybrid2018 2019 RT SS SS效应 SS effect RT SS SS效应 SS effect 1970s 中单2号 ZD2 32.20±0.12abc 32.71±1.03abc 0.51 31.24±0.22b 31.04±0.39a −0.19 1980s 丹玉13 DY13 32.95±0.43ab 33.12±1.20ab 0.17 33.64±0.53a 32.47±0.48a −1.17 1990s 掖单13 YD13 33.15±0.63a 34.23±0.60a 1.08 33.89±0.10a 32.08±0.81a −1.81** 2000s 先玉335 XY335 32.15±0.51bc 30.68±0.69c −1.47** 31.18±0.11b 30.85±1.04a −0.33 2010s 登海618 DH618 31.27±0.04c 31.20±0.86bc −0.07 31.43±0.42b 31.34±1.14a −0.09 因素 Factor 均方 Mean square 均方 Mean square 耕作方式 Tillage method (T) 0.011 3.881 品种 Hybrid (H) 26.360** 24.843** T×H 5.457 3.325 同列不同小写字母表示不同品种间差异显著(P<0.05); **表示P<0.01水平显著。RT: 浅旋15 cm; SS: 深松35 cm。Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences at P<0.05 level among different hybrids. ** means significant differences at P<0.01 level. RT: shallow rotation 15 cm; SS: subsoiling 35 cm.
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表 4 2018年和2019年浅旋(RT)和深松(SS)下不同年代玉米品种收获期籽粒含水率差异和方差分析
Table 4 Difference and variance analysis of grain water contents of different maize hybrids from different eras at harvest stage under shallow rotation (RT) and subsoiling (SS) tillage in 2018 and 2019
% 年代
Era品种
Hybrid2018 2019 RT SS SS效应 SS effect RT SS SS效应 SS effect 1970s 中单2号 ZD2 24.05±0.45b 24.02±0.48b −0.03 26.62±0.34b 26.18±0.77a −0.44 1980s 丹玉13 DY13 25.81±0.44a 24.81±0.34a −1.00* 26.87±0.80ab 26.00±0.40a −0.87 1990s 掖单13 YD13 25.40±0.05a 25.39±0.16a −0.01 28.13±0.66a 26.35±0.55a −1.78* 2000s 先玉335 XY335 24.03±0.76b 23.76±0.35b −0.27 25.76±0.03bc 26.45±1.21a 0.69 2010s 登海618 DH618 23.67±0.35b 23.91±0.19b 0.24 25.14±0.76c 24.92±1.14a −0.22 因素 Factor 均方 Mean square 均方 Mean square 耕作方式 Tillage method (T) 0.329 2.070 品种 Hybrid (H) 15.077** 15.319** T×H 1.381 4.940 同列不同小写字母表示不同品种间差异显著(P<0.05); *和**分别表示P<0.05和P<0.01显著水平。RT: 浅旋15 cm; SS: 深松35 cm。Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences at P<0.05 level among different hybrids. * and ** mean significant differences at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels, respectively. RT: shallow rotation 15 cm; SS: subsoiling 35 cm.
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表 5 玉米籽粒水分指标与穗部其他器官脱水速率的相关性
Table 5 Correlation between grain water indexes and dehydration rates of other organs in the ear of maize
籽粒水分指标
Grain water index时期
Period苞叶脱水速率
Dehydration rate of bract穗轴脱水速率
Dehydration rate of ear cob穗柄脱水速率
Dehydration rate of ear stalk生理成熟前
Before maturity生理成熟后
After maturity生理成熟前
Before maturity生理成熟后
After maturity生理成熟前
Before maturity生理成熟后
After maturity籽粒含水率
Grain water content生理成熟期
Maturation stage−0.565** −0.675** −0.440 −0.490* −0.082 −0.228 收获期
Harvest stage−0.722** −0.145 −0.827** −0.450* 0.004 0.318 籽粒脱水速率
Dehydration rate of grain生理成熟前
Before maturation0.598** −0.139 0.731** 0.769** 0.130 −0.411 生理成熟后
After maturation0.344 −0.006 0.338 −0.214 −0.169 −0.131 *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01.
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