Application and environmental effects of organic materials in orchard ecosystem: research status and prospects
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摘要: 外源有机物料添加已成为改善果园土壤结构、提升土壤肥力和果实品质的重要途径。有机物料来源广泛且成分复杂, 类型、用量及施用方式的改变显著影响其在果园生态系统中的应用效果及伴随的环境效应特征。本文系统总结了有机物料的来源与性质及其对果树生长发育、土壤物理结构、土壤养分循环及生物学性状的影响, 重点关注了有机物料添加下果园温室气体排放、重金属及新型污染物(持久性有机污染物、抗生素及微塑料)积累与转化特征。有机物料施用对果园生态系统产生的主要影响为: 1)有机物料的合理施用能有效改善土壤物理结构、理化性质及生物活性, 增强土壤保肥供肥能力, 为果树生长发育创造良好条件, 提高产量和果实品质; 2)有机物料类型、用量及施用方式显著影响果园土壤碳氮底物浓度、相关酶及微生物活性, 进而改变土壤养分元素循环及N2O排放特征; 3)有机物料自身成分与结构组成、土壤性质及功能微生物共同影响果园土壤重金属与新型污染物的积累、迁移与转化。有机物料施用产生的环境效应存在不确定性, 其关联的果园土壤复合污染物的形成及影响机制复杂, 值得深入关注, 同时果园有机物料添加与环境效应变化过程的内在关联与作用机制仍需进一步研究。本文最后展望了未来果园生态系统中有机物料添加与环境效应关系研究的重要方向。Abstract: The addition of exogenous organic materials is important for ameliorating soil structure, improving soil fertility, and enhancing fruit quality in orchards. Organic materials originate from diverse sources and exhibit complex compositions. The effects of alterations to the type, quantity, and method of application on their effectiveness and concomitant environmental implications in orchard ecosystems are noteworthy. This study systematically summarized the sources and properties of organic materials and their effects on fruit tree growth and development, soil physical structure, soil nutrient cycling, and biological properties. Emphasis was placed on greenhouse gas emissions and the accumulation and transformation characteristics of heavy metals and new pollutants (persistent organic pollutants, antibiotics, and microplastics) in orchards with the addition of organic materials. The main effects of organic material application on orchard ecosystems are as follows: 1) the rational application of organic materials can efficiently improve the physical structure, physicochemical properties, and biological activity of orchard soil; enhance its ability to maintain and supply nutrients; create favorable conditions for the growth and development of fruit trees; and improve yield and fruit quality. 2) The type, quantity, and application method of organic materials notably affect the concentration of carbon and nitrogen substrates and related enzymatic and microbial activities in orchard soil, which alter the characteristics of soil nutrient cycling and N2O emissions. 3) The composition and structure of organic materials, soil properties, and functional microorganisms concurrently influence such accumulation. However, the potential environmental impact of organic materials remains uncertain. In addition, the formation and influencing mechanisms of associated composite pollutants in orchard soil are complex and deserve comprehensive attention. Further studies are required concerning the internal connections between the addition of organic materials and environmental change processes in orchards, the mechanisms of which also need to be elucidated. Finally, important directions for research regarding the relationship between the application of organic materials and environmental effects in orchard ecosystems are proposed.
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图 1 有机物料在果园生态系统中的应用及其环境效应
Figure 1. Application and associated environmental effects of organic materials in orchard ecosystem
表 1 有机物料施用对果园土壤N2O排放的影响
Table 1 Effects of organic material application on greenhouse gas emissions in orchards
有机物料
Organic material效应
Effect说明
Description参考文献
Reference畜禽粪便
Livestock manure+ 为氮循环相关微生物提供充足碳源, 增加土壤微生物活性
Provide sufficient carbon source and enhance soil microbial activity[50-51] 商品有机肥
Commercial organic fertilizer+ 显著增加硝化与反硝化作用所需底物浓度, 提高土壤微生物活性
Significantly increase substrate concentration and soil microbial activity for nitrification and denitrification[58] − 有机肥的有机态氮矿化速率较慢, 分解过程中消耗O2, 产生厌氧区, 降低了反硝化和硝化速率
Low mineralization rate of organic nitrogen and anaerobic area decrease rates of nitrification and denitrification[59] 生物炭
Biochar+ 增加土壤氨氧化细菌活性, 提高土壤孔隙度, 为N2O扩散提供有利条件
Increase activity of ammonia oxidizing bacteria and soil porosity for N2O diffusion[60-61] − 表施减少氮肥与土壤的接触面积, 降低硝化与反硝化过程所需底物浓度; 增加氨挥发或促进对氨的吸附
Surface application reduces contact area and substrate concentration for nitrification and denitrification; increases ammonia volatilization and promotes absorption of ammonia[52] 绿肥
Green manure+ 在土壤中被微生物分解利用, 刺激土壤呼吸, 提供丰富氮源
Being decomposed and utilized by soil microbes, stimulate soil respiration, and provide sufficient nitrogen source[62] − 提供了较多的氮源, 但也消耗了大量O2, 形成缺氧环境, 促使反硝化中间产物更易还原为N2
Provide sufficient nitrogen source while consuming lots of O2 which creates hypoxic environment, accelerating the conversion from denitrification intermediates to N2[63] 生物有机肥
Bioorganic fertilizer+ 降低土壤C/N, 增加氨氧化细菌代谢活性, 促进硝化作用
Reduce soil C/N, increase activity of ammonia oxidizing bacteria for promoting nitrification[64] − 显著提高nosZ丰度, 促进N2还原
Significantly enhance the abundance of nosZ, accelerate N2 reduction[65] +: 促进效应; −: 抑制效应。+: enhancing effect; −: inhibiting effect. 
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表 2 不同有机物料的重金属含量
Table 2 Heavy metal contents in different organic materials
mg·kg−1 有机物料
Organic materialCu Zn Cr As Hg Cd Pb 参考文献
Reference畜禽粪便
Livestock manure猪粪
Pig manure0.6~2300.9 4.6~5720.0 0.2~187.0 0.2~200.0 0~4.3 0.1~56.4 0.2~232.0 [73-75] 鸡粪
Chicken manure8.5~1098.2 70.9~2377.0 0.2~133.0 0.2~49.3 0~2.2 0.1~45.8 0.6~41.7 羊粪
Sheep dung6.9~149.7 25.3~518.3 4.8~46.6 0.1~9.5 0.1~1.7 0.1~4.0 4.6~32.5 牛粪
Cow dung4.2~941.0 36.4~2230.0 3.7~105.8 0.2~24.2 0~21.0 0.1~3.3 3.2~39.4 植物源有机物料
Organic materials of plant origin4.3~8.9 65.5~131.0 1.6~22.6 0.4~3.9 0.1~0.5 0.2~0.7 2.3~19.3 [74, 76-77] 作物秸秆
Crop straw2.6~38.0 18.7~53.0 3.1~9.3 <0.1~1.4 0 <0.1~1.5 2.3~6.3 [78-80] 生物炭
Biochar0~1998.5 61.7~2230.2 11.1~55.6 <0.1~12.5 0~278.8 0~305.7 [79, 81-82] 生物有机肥
Bioorganic fertilizer3.0~68.7 0.7~9.8 0.2~0.6 0.2~3.5 1.9~60.9 [74, 83] 商品有机肥
Commercial organic fertilizer0.8~1187.9 0.5~1769.0 2.7~4260.9 0~24.0 0~2.8 0~5.3 1.6~1265.3 [84-85] 有机废弃物
Organic waste22.7~498.8 32.2~771.0 3.8~269.2 0.2~110.6 0~1.0 0.2~1.4 7.4~47.2 [84]
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