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摘要: 为进一步发展节水农业, 提高水分利用效率, 建立作物产量与耗水量的响应关系, 确定区域农业节水潜力, 为水资源合理配置提供依据。以AquaCrop为研究模型, 对模型产量模块参数标准化的水分生产效率(WP*)和参考收获指数(HI0)进行多年率定与验证, 以2017年作为现状水平年, 通过设置4月10日和4月20日两个春小麦(‘新春6号’)播种日期, 每个播种日期下设置400 mm、350 mm、300 mm、250 mm、200 mm的灌溉定额和7 d和10 d的灌溉周期, 共20个情景, 对新疆阿勒泰地区春小麦产量进行模拟, 对比不同情景下的春小麦产量和灌溉水利用效率受灌溉定额和灌水次数的影响, 以产量和水分利用效率均较高为目标, 择优选择最佳灌溉策略。利用现状年春小麦种植面积作为参考值, 对比现状水平年和未来水平年在不同情景下的小麦产量及总节水量差异, 分析小麦的节水潜力。结果表明: 1)推荐WP*=18 g∙m−2和HI0=48%作为阿勒泰地区2005—2014多年率定及2015—2017年验证后的产量模块参数, 率定产量误差范围为−3.44%~5.67%, 适用性评价指标均方根误差(RMSE)、相对均方根误差(RRMSE)、残差系数(CRM)、Willmott一致度(d)和纳什效率系数(ENS)值分别为0.110、0.023、0.002、0.956、0.935, 适用性好; 2015—2017年验证产量误差分别为−0.41%、−3.02%、3.34%, 模拟误差较小。2)不同情景下的模拟结果显示, 情景S15 (4月20日播种、灌溉定额为300 mm、灌溉周期为7 d)可以作为推荐灌溉策略, 该模拟情景下, 作物产量和灌溉水分利用效率分别为5.610 t∙hm−2和1.870 kg∙m−3。3)对于阿勒泰地区的春小麦种植, 情景S15作为推荐的灌溉策略, 现状水平年可以实现节水2.335亿m3, 节水潜力是可观的, 未来水平年可以分别实现节水2.407亿m3、2.431亿m3、2.476亿m3。
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关键词:
- AquaCrop模型 /
- 阿勒泰地区 /
- 水分利用效率 /
- 节水量 /
- 春小麦
Abstract: In 2017, the comprehensive irrigation quota of various crops in Altay was 955 mm, and the actual irrigation quota of spring wheat, the main food crop, was approximately 780 mm, which is far higher than the actual water demand of spring wheat. To improve water-use efficiency, the best irrigation quota for spring wheat was determined, and the relationship between crop yield and water consumption was established. The AquaCrop model was used as the research model, and the main parameters of the AquaCrop model were localized in northern Xinjiang. The annual rate and applicability of the AquaCrop model from 2005 to 2014 were evaluated based on standardized water production efficiency (WP*) and reference harvest index (HI0). After determining the appropriate parameters, the meteorological data from 2015 to 2017 were used for verification. Two sowing dates of spring wheat variety ‘Xinchun 6’ on April 10 and April 20 were set in this study, and irrigation quotas of 400 mm, 350 mm, 300 mm, 250 mm, and 200 mm and irrigation cycles of 7 d and 10 d were set under each sowing date for a total of 20 scenarios. The spring wheat yield in the Altay region of Xinjiang was simulated, and the spring wheat yield and irrigation water use efficiency under different scenarios and influence of the irrigation quota and irrigation times were compared. The optimal irrigation strategy was selected, with high yield and water-use efficiency as the goal. Using the wheat planting area and irrigation quota in 2017 as reference values, the differences in wheat yield and total water-saving amount under different scenarios in 2017 and 2020 were compared to analyze the water-saving potential of wheat. The results are as follow: 1) WP*=18 g∙m−2 and HI0=48% were recommended as the yield module parameters in the Altay area. The parameters of the AquaCrop model are divided into two modules: crop growth and yield. The parameters of the crop growth module required field experiments; therefore, the parameters of the yield module were adjusted. WP*=18 g∙m−2, HI0=48% and WP*=19 g∙m−2, HI0=45% were selected as the yield module parameters, and the yield error ranges were −3.44% to 5.67% and −4.92% to 4.56%, respectively. WP*=18 g∙m−2 and HI0=48% had better applicability, and the evaluation indexes: root mean square error (RMSE), relative RMSE (RRMSE), residual coefficient (CRM), Willmott cossitancy (d), and Nash efficincy coefficient (ENS) were 0.110, 0.023, 0.002, 0.956, and 0.935, respectively. Finally, meteorological data from 2015 to 2017 were used for validation, and the validated yield error results were −0.41%, −3.02%, and 3.34%, respectively, with small simulation errors. 2) Scenario S15 (sowing on April 20, irrigation quota of 300 mm, irrigation cycle of seven days) can be used as the recommended irrigation strategy. Through the simulation of spring wheat yield and calculation of irrigation water-use efficiency under different scenarios, it was found that the postponement of sowing date was beneficial to the accumulation of crop yield because the crop was less exposed to low-temperature stress at that time. The effect of irrigation cycle on spring wheat yield was the opposite under different planting dates and irrigation quotas. The spring wheat yield of S15 was 5.610 t∙hm−2, and the irrigation water use efficiency was 1.870 kg∙m−3. 3) In 2017, scenario S15 saved 2.335×108 m3 of water. Under irrigation quotas (400 mm, 350 mm, 300 mm, 250 mm and 200 mm), 1.849×108 m3, 2.092×108 m3, 2.335×108 m3, 2.579×108 m3, and 2.822×108 m3 were saved in 2017. Under the recommended irrigation strategy, water savings of 2.407×108 m3, 2.431×108 m3, and 2.476×108 m3 can be achieved in the future when the utilization coefficient of irrigation water is 0.570, 0.580 and 0.600, respectively; indicating a huge water-saving potential.-
Keywords:
- AquaCrop model /
- Altay region /
- Water-use efficiency /
- Water-saving amount /
- Spring wheat
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图 3 阿勒泰地区不同产量模块参数下的多年作物模拟产量对比图
Figure 3. Comparison diagram of crop yield simulation at Altay region station under different yield module parameters
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图 1 阿勒泰地区耕地及主要气象站点分布图
Figure 1. Distribution of cultivated land and main meteorological stations in Altay region
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图 2 研究区不同气象站点的2017年气象参数(a: 阿勒泰站; b: 福海站; c: 哈巴河站)
Figure 2. Meteorological parameters of the study areas in different meteorological stations in 2017 (a: Altay Station; b: Fuhai Station; c: Habahe Station)
表 1 小麦不同播种时间下灌溉模拟情景设置
Table 1 Settings of simulated scenarios of irrigation of wheat sown in different dates
播种时间(月-日)
Sowing date
(month-day)模拟情景
Simulated
scenario灌溉定额
Irrigation
quota (mm)灌溉周期
Irrigation
cycle (d)播种时间(月-日)
Sowing date
(month-day)模拟情景
Simulated
scenario灌溉定额
Irrigation
quota (mm)灌溉周期
Irrigation
cycle (d)04-10 S1 400 7 04-20 S11 400 7 S2 400 10 S12 400 10 S3 350 7 S13 350 7 S4 350 10 S14 350 10 S5 300 7 S15 300 7 S6 300 10 S16 300 10 S7 250 7 S17 250 7 S8 250 10 S18 250 10 S9 200 7 S19 200 7 S10 200 10 S20 200 10 
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表 2 AquaCrop模型中经本地化校准后的部分参数
Table 2 Partial parameters of AquaCrop model after localization and calibration
模型模块
Model module作物参数描述
Description of crop parameter校准值
Calibration value作物生长
Crop growth初始冠层覆盖度 Canopy size of the average seedling at 90% emergence (CC0) (%) 6.65 最大冠层覆盖度 Maximum canopy cover (CCx) (%) 98 播种到出苗所需时间 Time from sowing to emergence (℃·d) 101 达到最大冠层覆盖所需时间 Time required to reach maximum canopy cover (℃·d) 851 达到最大根系深度所需时间 Time required to reach maximum root depth (℃·d) 815 冠层开始衰减时间 Time of canopy onset decay (℃·d) 904 达到生理成熟所需时间 Time required to reach physiological maturity (℃·d ) 1910 开始开花所需时间 Time required to start flowering (℃·d) 815 开花期持续时间 Duration of anthesis (℃·d) 169 经济产量形成终止时间 Termination time of economic output formation (℃·d) 640 最大有效根系深度 Maximum effective rooting depth (Zm) (m) 1.5 冠层完全覆盖但未衰老时的作物蒸腾系数
Transpiration coefficient of crops under complete canopy cover without senescence (KcTr)1.2 影响冠层生长的土壤水分耗损阈值(上限) Threshold of soil water loss affecting canopy growth (upper limit) 0.10 影响冠层生长的土壤水分耗损阈值(下限) Threshold of soil water loss affecting canopy growth (lower limit) 0.45 产量
Yield标准化的水分生产效率 Standardized water production efficiency (WP*) (g∙m−2) 18 参考收获指数 Reference harvest index (HI0) (%) 42
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表 3 阿勒泰地区主要土壤参数
Table 3 Main soil parameters in Altay region
站点名称
Site name土层深度
Soil depth (cm)土壤质地
Soil texture田间持水量
Field capacity (%)凋萎含水量
Wilting moisture
content (%)饱和含水量
Saturation moisture
content (%)饱和导水率
Saturated hydraulic
conductivity (mm∙d−1)阿勒泰
Altay0~30 壤土 Loam 32.9 16.0 55.5 789.58 30~100 壤土 Loam 32.6 15.5 56.8 822.96 福海
Fuhai0~30 壤土 Loam 31.9 14.4 57.0 944.88 30~100 黏壤土 Clay loam 31.5 14.5 57.2 938.78 哈巴河
Habahe0~30 砂壤土 Sandy loam 23.1 13.3 53.0 1261.87 30~100 砂黏土 Sandy clay 36.9 24.1 52.2 176.78
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表 4 AquaCorp模型产量模块参数在不同情况下的适用性评价结果
Table 4 Adaptability evaluation results of yield module parameters of AquaCorp modle under different conditions
WP*, HI0 均方根误差
Root mean square error
(RMSE)相对均方根误差
Relative RMSE
(RRMSE)残差系数
Residual coefficient
(CRM)Willmott一致度
Willmott cossitancy
(d)纳什效率系数
Nash efficiency coefficient
(ENS)18, 42% 0.617 0.149 −0.146 0.508 −1.008 18, 45% 0.322 0.072 −0.066 0.725 0.453 18, 48% 0.110 0.023 −0.002 0.956 0.935 19, 42% 0.391 0.089 −0.084 0.652 0.193 19, 45% 0.138 0.029 −0.011 0.928 0.899 19, 48% 0.268 0.054 0.049 0.802 0.621 WP*: 标准化的水分生产效率; HI0：参考收获指数。WP*: standardized water production efficiency; HI0: reference harvest index.
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表 5 不同播期下春小麦不同情景下的水分利用效率模拟结果
Table 5 Simulation results of water use efficiency of spring wheat sown in dates under different scenarios
播种时间(月-日)
Sowing date (month-day)模拟情景
Simulated scenario产量
Yield (t∙hm−2)地上生物量
Biomass (t∙hm−2)灌溉定额
Irrigation quota (mm)灌溉水利用效率
Utilization efficiency of irrigation water (kg∙m−3)04-10 S1 4.545 9.163 400 1.275 S2 5.176 10.220 400 1.294 S3 5.103 10.141 350 1.458 S4 5.181 10.205 350 1.480 S5 5.108 10.129 300 1.703 S6 5.158 10.038 300 1.719 S7 5.035 9.908 250 2.014 S8 4.955 9.554 250 1.982 S9 4.423 8.551 200 2.211 S10 4.219 8.253 200 2.109 04-20 S11 5.623 10.920 400 1.406 S12 5.614 11.181 400 1.403 S13 5.621 10.915 350 1.606 S14 5.593 11.139 350 1.598 S15 5.610 10.892 300 1.870 S16 5.491 10.857 300 1.830 S17 5.504 10.651 250 2.202 S18 5.068 10.029 250 2.027 S19 3.960 8.333 200 1.980 S20 4.180 8.393 200 2.090 各模拟情景说明见表1。Detail information of each simulated scenario is shown in the Table 1.
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表 6 固定种植面积不同模拟情景下不同播期春小麦产量与总节水量
Table 6 Yield and total water saving of spring wheat sown in different dates under different simulated conditions with the fixed planting area
播种时间(月-日)
Sowing date (month-day)模拟情景
Simulated scenario产量
Yield (×104 t)总节水量 Total water saving (×108 m3) η0=0.542 η1=0.570 η1=0.580 η1=0.600 04-10 S1 13.96 1.849 1.944 1.976 2.037 S2 14.17 1.849 1.944 1.976 2.037 S3 13.97 2.092 2.176 2.204 2.257 S4 14.18 2.092 2.176 2.204 2.257 S5 13.98 2.335 2.407 2.431 2.476 S6 14.12 2.335 2.407 2.431 2.476 S7 13.78 2.579 2.638 2.658 2.696 S8 13.56 2.579 2.638 2.658 2.696 S9 12.10 2.822 2.870 2.886 2.916 S10 11.55 2.822 2.870 2.886 2.916 04-20 S11 15.39 1.849 1.944 1.976 2.037 S12 15.36 1.849 1.944 1.976 2.037 S13 15.38 2.092 2.176 2.204 2.257 S14 15.21 2.092 2.176 2.204 2.257 S15 15.35 2.335 2.407 2.431 2.476 S16 15.03 2.335 2.407 2.431 2.476 S17 15.07 2.579 2.638 2.658 2.696 S18 13.87 2.579 2.638 2.658 2.696 S19 10.84 2.822 2.870 2.886 2.916 S20 11.44 2.822 2.870 2.886 2.916 各模拟情景说明见表1。η0和η1为作物实际和可能灌溉水利用系数。Detail information of each simulated scenario is shown in the Table 1. η0 and η1 are actual and possible utilization coefficiences of irrigation water.
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