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摘要: 乡村振兴的本质目标是推进乡村的可持续发展, 需要把生态学的等级和尺度理论融合其中。乡村生态学学科由此应运而生, 与城市生态学构成生态学空间互补、内容交叉的生态学图谱。乡村生态学的学科属性定位为一种跨学科模式下的交叉学科研究, 涉及农业生态学、政治生态学、社会生态学与景观生态学等学科的交叉与融合。其目标在于研究乡村生态系统的结构与功能, 探索农民、农村和农业相互融合、协调发展的生态关系。乡村生态学从时间和空间尺度研究乡村生态系统特别是城乡交界面景观的物质、能量、信息、价值和人力资源流, 揭示乡村生态系统结构和功能的关系, 为破解当前三农问题提供科学依据。基于上述理论探讨, 提出了针对我国乡村可持续发展的乡村生态学理论框架、热点问题及层次变革方向, 即依次从重新评估农业的多功能价值、变革农业的组织形式、革新农业资源的利用方式和回归农业的有机耕作方法等4个层级重构一个可持续的乡村生态系统。Abstract: The essential goal of rural revitalization is to promote the sustainable development of rural areas, which needs to integrate the theory of ecological hierarchy and scale. In this paper, the authors propose to construct a discipline of Rural Ecology (RE), together with Urban Ecology to form a completely geographical imagine of Ecology. The disciplinarities of RE are positioned as interdisciplinary approaches under a transdisciplinary model that integrates Agroecology, Landscape Ecology, Socio-ecology, and Political Ecology, aiming at building a sustainable rural ecosystem, i.e. addressing the ecological nexus between the peasants and their living & producing environment. The research scale of RE covers the vertical and horizontal scales of the rural ecosystem, and its core content is to study the material, energy, information, value and human resource flow of the rural ecosystem, the landscape at the urban-rural interface in particular to reveal the flow and loss of the peasants’ labor value. Finally, the authors put forward an analytical framework of RE for the sustainable development of rural areas, hotspots and four levels of transformation for the construction of sustainable rural ecosystems in China, i.e, reconstructing a sustainable rural ecosystem by revaluing the multi-functionalities of agriculture, reorganizing the agricultural industry, recycling the agricultural resources and innovating food production technology in sequence.
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Keywords:
- Rural China /
- Rural Ecology /
- Sustainable development /
- Rural ecosystem /
- Peasant /
- Rural revitalization
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图 1 乡村生态学: 跨学科方式下的交叉学科研究方法
Figure 1. Rural Ecology: an interdisciplinary approach under transdisciplinary pattern
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图 2 乡村生态学与城市生态学相关联的研究尺度(在中国乃至发展中国家, 乡村总是比城市拥有更大的地域, 因此此图用于表示乡村生态系统的圆柱体比城市生态系统大)
Figure 2. Scales of Rural Ecology relating to Urban Ecology in the spectrum of general ecology geographically (the ‘rural’ cylinder is bigger than the ‘urban’ one in the diagram because the area and population is larger in rural than in urban area in most developing countries)
表 1 中国乡村可持续性的乡村生态学分析框架
Table 1 Analytical frameworks of rural sustainability of rural China under the context of Rural Ecology
乡村可持续性的构成
Components of rural sustainability环境可持续性
Environmental sustainability经济可持续性
Economic sustainability社会可持续性
Social sustainability结构特征
Structural characteristics自然关系
Natural relations人工自然关系
Human nature relations人工社会关系
Human social relations生态学过程
Ecological process自然资本(物/能流)
Natural capital (material and energy flow)人工经济资本流
Human economic capital flow人工社会资本流
Human social capital flow生态系统功能
Ecosystem functions自然资本的维护
Maintenance of natural capitals人工经济资本的维护
Maintenance of human economic capitals人工社会资本的维护
Maintenance of human social capitals
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