农户认知、景观异质性与地表节肢动物的关系 基于中介效应模型

边振兴; 初琢明; 张宇飞; 佟昊轩; 于淼

doi:10.12357/cjea.20210410

农户认知、景观异质性与地表节肢动物的关系基于中介效应模型

1.
沈阳农业大学土地与环境学院　沈阳　110866
2.
沈阳农业大学理学院　沈阳　110866

基金项目: 辽宁省自然科学基金项目(01064219009)资助

详细信息

作者简介:
边振兴, 研究方向为农地利用与保护、农业景观生态学。E-mail: zhx-bian@syau.edu.cn

通讯作者:
于淼, 研究方向为数理统计与景观生态学。E-mail: yumiao77@163.com

中图分类号: F323.22
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-06-28
- 录用日期: 2021-09-23
- 网络出版日期: 2021-10-17
- 刊出日期: 2022-02-07

The relationship between farmers’ cognitions, landscape heterogeneity and surface arthropods: based on the mediation effect model

1.
College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
2.
College of Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China

Funds: This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (01064219009).

More Information

Corresponding author:
YU Miao: E-mail: yumiao77@163.com

摘要

摘要: 目前人类活动逐渐增强, 农户活动也成为耕地和耕地景观保护过程中研究的热点问题。本研究以辽宁省建平县540份农户调查数据为实证, 探究农户认知对耕地景观中地表节肢动物生物多样性的影响, 以及景观异质性在其中发挥的中介效应。通过构建中介效应模型, 研究农户认知、农业景观异质性与地表节肢动物多样性三者间的逻辑关系, 为耕地景观保护提供理论依据。研究结果表明: 1)农户的不同认知对耕地景观中地表节肢动物多样性产生不同的影响, 其中农户对农药化肥施用认知、农业机械认知、耕地景观生态特征认知对地表节肢动物多样性具有正向影响, 表现为认知程度越好则耕地景观中地表节肢动物的多样性越高; 规模经营方式认知、农户耕地保护相关政策认知对其具有负向影响, 表现为认知程度越好则地表节肢动物的多样性越低, 此结论与预期有所不同, 进一步证实了农户“效果预期”对行为的重要影响。2)农业景观异质性在农户认知影响地表节肢动物多样性过程中的中介效应显著, 即农户认知通过影响农业景观异质性会间接影响地表节肢动物的多样性。基于此, 政府应加强农村教育投入, 进行农业生态保护知识科普, 提升农户对于耕地保护认知的水平; 重视耕地景观格局的优化, 适当增加非耕作生境, 最终保护地表节肢动物多样性, 增强耕地系统生态效益。
- 农户认知 /
- 耕地景观保护 /
- 地表节肢动物多样性 /
- 景观异质性 /
- 中介效应模型
Abstract: At present, human activities are gradually increasing, and farmers’ activities have become a hot issue in research of protecting cultivated land and cultivated landscapes. The study encompassed survey data from 540 farmers in Jianping County, Liaoning Province to explore the impact of farmers’ cognition on the biodiversity of surface arthropods in farmland landscapes. Furthermore, it also examined the mediating effects of landscape heterogeneity. By constructing a mediation effect model, the logical relationship between farmers’ cognition, agricultural landscape heterogeneity, and surface arthropod diversity was studied aiming to provide a theoretical basis for landscape protection of farmland. The results showed that: 1) Differing cognition of farmers had varied effects on the diversity of surface arthropods in cultivated landscapes. Farmers’ cognition of pesticide and chemical fertilizer application, agricultural machinery, and ecological characteristics of cultivated landscapes had positive impacts on surface arthropod diversity. The better their cognition, the higher the diversity of surface arthropods in the farmland landscape is. Cognition of scale management and farmland protection policies had a negative impact. This manifested as better cognition leading to lower arthropod diversity. This conclusion differed from that which was expected. This further confirmed the important influence of farmers’ “effect expectations” on behavior. 2) Agricultural landscape heterogeneity had a significant mediating effect on farmers’ cognition affecting surface arthropod diversity. Farmers’ cognition could indirectly affect the diversity of surface arthropods by influencing the heterogeneity of agricultural landscapes. Based on this, the government should increase investment in rural education, build knowledge about agro-ecological protection, and improve awareness among farmers about cultivated land protection. It is also important to pay attention to optimization of cultivated land landscape patterns, appropriately increase non-farming habitats, to ultimately protect surface arthropod diversity, and enhance the ecological benefits of cultivated land.
- Farmers’ cognitions /
- Farmland landscape protection /
- Surface arthropod diversity /
- Landscape heterogeneity /
- Mediation effect model

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图 1 研究区范围及采样点位置图

Figure 1. Maps of the scope of study area and the sampling points

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图 2 农户认知、农业景观异质性对地表节肢动物多样性影响的理论框架

Figure 2. Theoretical framework of the impact of farmers’ cognition and agricultural landscape heterogeneity on surface arthropods diversity

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表 1 耕地景观保护相关变量分类及含义描述

Table 1 Classification and description of variables related to cultivated land landscape protection

变量类型 Variable type	变量名称 Variable name	具体变量名称 Specific variable name	变量含义及赋值 Explanation of variable and assignment
因变量 Dependent variable	地表节肢动物生物多样性 Surface arthropod diversity	物种个体数 Number of species	物种个体的数目, PAST软件计算得到 Number of species calculated by PAST
自变量 Independent variable	农户生产经营方式认知 Cognition of farmers’ production and management methods	农药化肥施用认知 Pesticide and fertilizer application awareness	被调查者关于过量使用农药化肥对耕地生态的影响认知程度: 不好=1, 不太好=2, 比较好=3, 很好=4 Awareness of the impact of excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers on farmland ecology: poor=1, normal=2, better=3, best=4
		农业机械认知 Agricultural machinery awareness	被调查者关于农机对耕地生态的影响认知程度: 不好=1, 不太好=2, 比较好=3, 很好=4 Awareness of the impact of agricultural machinery on cultivated land ecology: poor=1, normal=2, better=3, best=4
		规模经营方式认知 Scale operation awareness	被调查者规模经营方式认知: 不好=1, 不太好=2, 比较好=3, 很好=4 Perception of scale operation: poor=1, normal=2, better=3, best=4
	耕地保护相关政策认知 Relevant policy awareness of cultivated land protection	惠农政策补贴认知 Benefit farming policy subsidy awareness	被调查者对惠农政策补贴的满意情况: 非常不满意=1, 不太满意=2, 比较满意=3, 非常满意=4 Satisfaction with the benefits of agricultural policy subsidies: dissatisfied=1, less dissatisfied=2, satisfied=3, very satisfied=4
		耕地保护政策认知 Cultivated land protection policy awareness	被调查者对土地用途管制制度、耕地总量动态平衡政策、耕地保护目标责任制度、基本农田保护政策的了解程度: 非常不了解=1, 比较不了解=2, 比较了解=3, 非常了解=4 Understanding of the land use control system, the dynamic balance policy of the total amount of arable land, the responsibility system of the arable land protection target, and the basic farmland protection policy: unclear=1, a little clear=2, clear=3, very clear=4
	耕地景观生态特征认知 Cognition of ecological characteristics of cultivated land landscape	景观异质性认知 Landscape heterogeneity awareness	被调查者对农田非耕作生境了解程度: 非常不了解=1, 比较不了解=2, 比较了解=3, 非常了解=4 Understanding of farmland non-cultivation habitat: unclear=1, a little clear=2, clear=3, very clear=4
		地表节肢动物认知 Arthropod biodiversity awareness	被调查者对农田中地表动物的了解程度: 非常不了解=1, 比较不了解=2, 比较了解=3, 非常了解=4 Knowledge of arthropod in farmland: unclear=1, a little clear=2, clear=3, very clear=4
中介变量 Mediating variable	农业景观异质性 Agricultural landscape heterogeneity	斑块密度指数 Patch density index	单位面积上的斑块数, Fragstats计算得到 Number of patches per unit area calculated with Fragstats
控制变量 Control variable	农户特征 Farmer characteristics	年龄 Age	被调查者的年龄 Age of the respondent: ≤40=1, 41~50=2, 51~60=3, ≥60=4
		受教育程度 Education level	被调查者的受教育水平: 小学及以下=1, 初中=2, 高中及以上=3 Education level: primary school and below=1, middle school=2, high school and above=3
		户主 Head of household	被调查者是否为户主: 是=1, 否=2 Whether the respondent is the head of the household: yes=1, no=2
		非农收入占比 Proportion of non-agricultural income	被调查者的家庭非农收入占比 The proportion of non-agricultural income of the surveyed households: 0−25%=1, 25%−50%=2, 50%−75%=3, 75%−100%=4
		家庭劳动力比例 Family labor ratio	被调查者的家庭劳动力占比情况 The proportion of the respendent’s household labor force: 0−25%=1, 25%−50%=2, 50%−75%=3, 75%−100%=4

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表 2 受访农户基本特征描述

Table 2 Description of basic characteristics of interviewed farmers

基本特征 Basic feature	类别 Category	频数 Number	频率 Frequency (%)	基本特征 Basic feature	类别 Category	频数 Number	频率 Frequency (%)
年龄 Age	<40	80	14.81	非农收入占比 Non-agricultural income level (%)	0~25	86	15.93
	41~50	45	8.33		25~50	198	36.67
	51~60	73	13.52		50~75	150	27.78
	>60	342	63.33		75~100	106	19.63
受教育程度 Education level	小学及以下 Primary school and below	413	76.48	家庭劳动力比例 Family labor ratio (%)	0~25	63	11.67
	小学及以下 Primary school and below	413	76.48		25~50	128	23.70
	初中 Middle school	87	16.11		50~75	120	22.22
	初中 Middle school	87	16.11		75~100	229	42.41
	高中及以上 High school and above	40	7.41
	高中及以上 High school and above	40	7.41
户主 Head of household	是 Yes	263	48.70
户主 Head of household	否 No	277	51.30

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表 3 农业景观斑块密度(PD)、农户生产经营方式认知对地表节肢动物特种个体数(Individuals)影响的回归结果

Table 3 Regression results of the impact of patch density of agricultural landscape and farmers’ perceptions of production and management methods on individuals number of surface arthropods (Individuals)

变量 Variable	回归1 Regression 1	回归2 Regression 2	回归3 Regression 3	回归4 Regression 4	回归5 Regression 5	回归6 Regression 6	回归7 Regression 7	回归8 Regression 8	回归9 Regression 9
农药化肥施用 Pesticide and fertilizer application	0.550^***	0.389^**	0.680^***	—	—	—	—	—	—
农业机械 Agricultural machinery	—	—	—	0.541^***	0.441^**	0.686^***	—	—	—
规模经营方式 Scale operation	—	—	—	—	—	—	−0.570^***	−0.361^*	−0.684^***
斑块密度 Patch density	—	—	−0.352^*	—	—	−0.335^*	—	—	−0.317^*
卡方值 LR chi²	472.500	—	594.000	573.750	—	486.000	546.750	—	573.750
R²	—	0.169	—	—	0.151	—	—	0.130	—
回归1、4、7为农户生产经营方式认知对Individuals的影响; 回归2、5、8为农户生产经营方式认知对农业景观斑块密度影响的估计结果; 回归3、6、9为农户生产经营方式认知、农业景观斑块密度对Individuals影响的估计结果。、和*分别表示在P<10%、P<5%和P<1%水平显著。Regressions 1, 4, and 7 are the impact of farmers’ perceptions of production and management methods on Individuals; Regressions 2, 5, and 8 are the estimated results of the impact of farmers’ perceptions of production and management methods on patch density of agricultural landscape (PD); Regressions 3, 6, and 9 are the estimated results of the impact of farmers’ production and management methods and PD on Individuals. , , * mean significant at P<10%, P<5% and P<1% levels, respectively.

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表 4 农业景观斑块密度、耕地保护相关政策认知对地表节肢动物个体数(Individuals)影响的回归结果

Table 4 Regression results of the impact of patch density of agricultural landscape and farmland protection related policy cognition on individuals number of surface arthropods (Individuals)

变量 Variable	回归10 Regression 10	回归11 Regression 11	回归12 Regression 12	回归13 Regression 13	回归14 Regression 14	回归15 Regression 15
惠农政策补贴政策 Favorable farming policy subsidy policy	−0.456^**	−0.434^**	−0.600^***	—	—	—
耕地保护政策 Cultivated land protection policy	—	—	—	−0.470^**	−0.518^***	−0.693^***
斑块密度 Patch density	—	—	−0.331^*	—	—	−0.430^**
卡方值 LR chi²	438.750	—	465.750	420.750	—	432.000
R²	—	0.188	—	—	0.269	—
回归10、13为耕地保护相关政策认知对Individuals的影响; 回归11、14为耕地保护相关政策认知对农业景观斑块密度(PD)影响的估计结果; 回归12、15为耕地保护相关政策认知、PD对Individuals影响的估计结果。、和*分别表示在P<10%、P<5%和P<1%水平显著。Regressions 10 and 13 are the impact of farmland protection related policy perceptions on Individuals; Regressions 11 and 14 are the estimated results of the impact of farmland protection related policy perceptions on patch density of agricultural landscape (PD); Regressions 12 and 15 are the estimated results of the impact of the cognition of farmland protection related policies and PD on Individuals. , , * mean significant at P<10%, P<5% and P<1% levels, respectively.

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表 5 农业景观斑块密度(PD)、耕地景观生态特征认知对地表节肢动物个体数(Individuals)影响的回归结果

Table 5 Regression results of the impact of patch density of agricultural landscape and cognition of ecological characteristics of cultivated land system on individuals number of surface arthropods (Individuals)

变量 Variable	回归16 Regression 16	回归17 Regression 17	回归18 Regression 18	回归19 Regression 19	回归20 Regression 20	回归21 Regression 21
景观异质性构成 Composition of landscape heterogeneity	0.537^***	0.372^*	0.653^***	—	—	—
地表节肢动物认知 Arthropod biodiversity awareness	—	—	—	0.536^***	0.364^*	0.647^***
斑块密度 Patch density (PD)	—	—	−0.313^*	—	—	−0.306^*
卡方值 LR chi²	648.000	—	675.000	648.000	—	675.000
R²	—	0.138	—	—	0.132	—
回归16、19为耕地景观生态特征认知对Individuals的影响; 回归17、20为耕地保护认知对农业景观斑块密度(PD)影响的估计结果; 回归18、21为耕地景观生态特征认知、PD对Individuals影响的估计结果。、和*分别表示在P<10%、P<5%和P<1%水平显著。Regressions 16 and 19 are the impact of farmland landscape ecological characteristics cognition on Individuals; Regressions 17 and 20 are the estimated results of the impact of farmland protection cognition on patch density of agricultural landscape (PD); Regressions 18 and 21 are the estimated results of the impact of farmland landscape ecological characteristics cognition, and PD on Individuals. , , * mean significant at P<10%, P<5% and P<1% levels, respectively.

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