Effect of elevated[CO2] on growth and attack of Asian corn borers (Ostrinia furnacalis) in foxtail millet (Setaria italica)
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摘要: 人类活动导致全球大气CO2浓度持续升高，研究大气CO2浓度升高对C4作物谷子（Setaria italica）生长发育及虫害发生的影响，可以为谷子等C4作物制订应对气候变化栽培措施提供理论依据。本研究利用OTC（Open Top Chamber）系统，设两个CO2浓度梯度（正常大气CO2浓度、正常CO2浓度+200 μmol·mol-1）模拟CO2浓度升高对谷子生长发育的影响。结果表明：大气CO2浓度升高后，谷子净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（gs）、叶片蒸腾速率（Tr）和水分利用率（WUE）分别增加38.73%、27.53%、6.93%和40.56%；谷子叶片光系统Ⅱ最大光化学量子产量（Fv/Fm）和非光化学淬灭系数（NPQ）显著下降，光系统Ⅱ实际光化学量子产量（ΦPSII）和表观电子传递效率（ETR）显著增加，而对光化学淬灭系数（qP）无显著影响；此外，谷子株高、茎粗和小穗数分别增加3.41%、13.28%和13.11%；而叶重、茎重、千粒重、单株粒数和产量无显著变化，穗重和地上部分生物量分别显著下降12.8%和7.44%；大气CO2浓度升高后，谷子灌浆期和收获期玉米螟（Ostrinia furnacalis）发生数量显著增加。大气CO2浓度升高将有利于谷子的生长发育，但会增加玉米螟危害。Abstract: Since industrial revolution, global atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration ([CO2]) has risen from 280 μmol·mol-1 to the current level of about 392 μmol·mol-1. Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is one of the most important C4 crops in the semiarid regions of North China, yet there is lack of sufficient information on how the crop responds to climate change in China. Here, we studied the effects of elevated atmospheric[CO2] on foxtail millet in order to understand the changes in foxtail millet production under future CO2 concentrations along with the response of C4 crops to climate change. An open top chamber (OTC) system was used to test the effect of elevated[CO2] on foxtail millet. One OTC was used as the control chamber, which maintained the ambient[CO2]. In another OTC, elevated[CO2] (ambient[CO2]+200 μmol·mol-1) was constantly maintained from crop emergence to harvest. Foxtail millet was sown in 40 cm×60 cm pots (28 cm depth). Ten plants were grown in each pot and 10 pots were put in every OTC. Leaf photosynthesis was measured using a portable gas exchange system. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameter was assessed using a miniaturized pulse-amplitude modulated fluorescence analyzer with a leaf clip holder. The changes in morphological parameters, biomass, yield and damage of Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis) in response to elevated[CO2] were also determined. The results showed that elevated[CO2] increased the net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (Tr) and water use efficiency (WUE) of foxtail millet by 38.73%, 27.53%, 6.93% and 40.56%, respectively. The maximal photochemical quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) of foxtail millet leaf photosystem Ⅱ significantly decreased under elevated[CO2]. Photosystem Ⅱ quantum yield (ΦPSII) and apparent electron transfer rate (ETR) increased, but the change in photochemical quenching destruction coefficient (qP) was not significant. Elevated[CO2] increased foxtail millet plant height, stem diameter and spikelet number by 3.41%, 13.28% and 13.11%, respectively. Elevated[CO2] did not significantly affect leaf mass, stem mass, thousand-seed weight or the number of grain per plant at harvest, but the mass of panicle and aboveground per m2 significantly decreased by 12.8% and 7.44%, respectively. Furthermore, Asian corn borer damage aggravated at filling-stage and harvest under elevated[CO2]. However, yield did not significantly change under elevated[CO2]. In conclusion, elevated atmospheric[CO2] promoted the growth and development of foxtail millet, but increased the risk of insect damage.
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Keywords:
- Elevated CO2 concentration /
- Foxtail millet /
- Photosynthesis /
- Yield /
- Asian corn borer
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图 1 CO2浓度升高对谷子玉米螟危害影响情况
A、B为对照, C、D为高CO2浓度处理。红色箭头所指处为明显危害状。A, B are CK treatments; C and D are elevated CO2 concentration treatments. Red arrows show damage caused by Asian corn borer of foxtail millet.
Figure 1. Effect of elevated CO2 concentration on Asian corn borer of foxtail millet
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图 2 CO2浓度升高对谷子玉米螟发生数量的影响
*和**分别表示0.05和0.01水平上差异显著; CK:对照; ECO2:高CO2处理。* and ** mean significant differences at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively. CK and ECO2 represent the control and elevated CO2 concentration treatments, respectively.
Figure 2. Effect of elevated CO2 concentration on the number of Asian corn borer in foxtail millet
表 1 大气CO2浓度升高对谷子光合生理的影响
Table 1 Effect of elevated CO2 concentration on gas exchange parameters of foxtail millet
生育期(G)
Growth stage处理(T)
Treatment净光合速率
Pn(mmol·m-2·s-1)气孔导度
gs[mmol (H2O)·m-2·s-1]蒸腾速率
Tr[mmol (H2O)·m-2·s-1]水分利用率
WUE [mmol (CO2)·mmol (H2O)-1]抽穗期Heading CK 18.12±0.32 0.12±0.00 1.98±0.26 9.16±0.09 ECO2 22.79±1.31 0.14±0.01 1.73±0.11 13.70±0.34 灌浆期Grain-filling CK 10.40±0.08 0.06±0.00 1.86±0.00 5.61±0.05 ECO2 16.78±0.57 0.09±0.00 2.37±0.02 7.06±0.18 P G 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.00 T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 G × T 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 CK:对照; ECO2:高CO2处理。CK and ECO2 represent the control and elevated CO2 concentration treatments, respectively. Values are means±S.E. 
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表 2 大气CO2浓度升高对谷子叶绿素荧光参数的影响
Table 2 Effect of elevated CO2 concentration on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of foxtail millet
生育期(G) Growth stage 处理(T) Treatment Fv/Fm ΦPSⅡ ETR qP NPQ 抽穗期Heading stage CK 0.80±0.00 0.24±0.03 113.81±13.50 0.55±0.05 1.78±0.08 ECO2 0.79±0.01 0.37±0.03 173.88±15.06 0.76±0.05 1.42±0.09 灌浆期Grain-filling stage CK 0.77±0.01 0.16±0.01 76.67±3.56 1.16±0.66 1.95±0.07 ECO2 0.72±0.01 0.25±0.01 115.16±3.00 1.57±0.95 1.68±0.05 P G 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.01 T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 G × T 0.06 0.31 0.31 0.42 0.60 CK:对照; ECO2:高CO2处理; Fv/Fm:光系统Ⅱ最大光化学量子产量; ΦPSⅡ:光系统Ⅱ实际光化学量子产量; ETR:表观电子传递效率; qP:光化学淬灭系数; NPQ:非光化学淬灭系数。CK and ECO2 represent the control and elevated CO2 concentration treatments, respectively. Fv/Fm: maximal quantum yield of PSⅡ photochemistry; ΦPSⅡ: effective quantum yield of PSⅡ photochemistry; ETR: electron transport efficiency; qP: photochemical quenching coefficient; NPQ: nonphotochemical quenching. Values are means±S.E.
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表 3 CO2浓度升高对谷子形态指标的影响
Table 3 Effect of elevated CO2 concentration on growth of foxtail millet
处理(T)
Treatment株高
Plant height (cm)穗长
Panicle length (cm)茎粗
Stem diameter (cm)分蘖数
Tiller number小穗数
Spikelets节数
Number of stem nodeCK 93.76±0.76 19.56±0.35 0.51±0.02 0.48±0.08 107.46±2.07 12.85±0.20 ECO2 96.96±0.98 20.25±0.54 0.58±0.01 0.16±0.06 121.55±4.95 12.59±0.05 P 0.03 0.31 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.22 CK:对照; ECO2:高CO2处理。CK and ECO2 represent the control and elevated CO2 concentration treatments, respectively. Values are means±S.E.
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表 4 CO2浓度升高对谷子产量和地上部分生物量的影响
Table 4 Effect of elevated CO2 concentration on yield and above-ground biomass of foxtail millet
处理
Treatment穗重
Spike weight
(g·m-2)叶重
Leaf weight
(g·m-2)茎重
Stem weight
(g·m-2)千粒重
1000-seed
weight (g)单株粒数
Seeds number
per plant粒重
Seeds weight
(g·m-2)地上部生物量
Above-ground
biomass (g·m-2)CK 625.07±10.77 172.19±8.12 244.43±14.82 2.65±0.04 4 180.82±432.32 415.03±25.69 1 041.69±25.16 ECO2 549.57±17.59 170.65±2.98 243.93±2.92 2.68±0.07 4 087.94±132.03 435.89±19.69 964.15±15.69 P 0.01 0.86 0.97 0.68 0.84 0.72 0.03 CK:对照; ECO2:高CO2处理。CK and ECO2 represent the control and elevated CO2 concentration treatments, respectively. Values are means±S.E.
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