Decomposition process and CO2 release characteristics of spent mushroom substrate in paddy soils
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摘要: 菌渣是栽培食用菌后的下脚料，可作为有机肥再利用。本文通过实验室条件下培养不同比例的菌渣和稻田土壤混合物[不施用菌渣（TS），土壤与菌渣质量比为10：1（SM1）、5：1（SM2）和2：1（SM3），全部菌渣（TM）]，研究不同处理有机碳和全氮的变化，探讨菌渣在稻田土壤中的分解过程，并分析CO2释放特征，为菌渣合理利用提供参考。结果表明，在相同培养时间，添加不同比例菌渣处理有机碳和氮含量均比TS处理高，其中TM处理的有机碳和全氮分别比TS处理提高了10.7倍和11.0倍。有机碳、氮含量的提高量主要依赖于菌渣的添加量。总体来说，各处理随培养时间的延长，由于碳氮的分解，有机碳、氮均有下降趋势；在35 d后TM处理有机碳氮下降较快。添加菌渣越多，有机碳残留率也越大。在培养63 d后，菌渣有机碳（YC）和氮（YN）的分解残留率与菌渣添加量（X）的关系式分别为：YC=71.26X-0.607 5，r21.000 0**和YN=74.039X-0.413 3，r20.999 9**。各处理土壤CO2释放速率均表现出先增后降然后趋于稳定趋势。菌渣用量越高，CO2释放速率越高，各处理在不同培养时间CO2释放速率均表现为TM > SM3 > SM2 > SM1 > TS。在第7 d时各处理CO2释放速率最高，在第14 d时渐渐处于平稳下降状态，培养35 d后，各处理土壤有机碳矿化强度很小，大部分有机碳被固定在土壤中，其中TM处理有机碳矿化强度最小。总之，还田菌渣越多，土壤中被固定的碳越多。Abstract: Spent mushroom substrate (SMS), leftovers after cultivation of mushroom, could serve as an organic fertilizer. In this study, different proportions of SMS were mixed into paddy rice soils under laboratory conditions to study the relationship between application of SMS and soil organic carbon decomposition, and further provide reference for the rational utilization of SMS for sustainable agricultural development. The study consisted of 5 treatments-no SMS application (TS), SMS mix with paddy rice soil at 10:1 (SM1), SMS mix with paddy rice soil at 5:1 (SM2), SMS mix with paddy rice soil at 2:1 (SM3) and sole SMS medium (TM). Then changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen, decomposition process of organic carbon in soils and CO2 release characteristics in each treatment were determined. The results showed that soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents under different proportions of SMS treatments were significantly higher than those under TS treatment for the same incubation time. Increase in organic carbon and total nitrogen contents mainly depended on the amount of SMS added to the soil. TM treatment showed the most obvious effect, which increased soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents by 10.7 and 11.0 times, respectively. With increasing duration of incubation time, soil organic carbon and nitrogen decreased with the decomposition of carbon and nitrogen in all the treatments. Also organic carbon and nitrogen decreased relatively quickly under TM treatment after 35 d. The more SMS supply, the greater was the residue rate. After 63 d of cultivation, the relationships between the residue rates of organic carbon (YC) and nitrogen (YN) with the amount of SMS (X) were as follows:YC=71.26X-0.607 5 (r2=1.000 0**) and YN=74.039X-0.413 3 (r2=0.999 9**). The release rates of CO2 in all the treatments increased initially and then decreased before stabilization. The higher the amount of SMS, the higher was the release rate of CO2. On the 7th d after cultivation, the release rate of CO2 was highest in each treatment. After 14 d of cultivation, the release rate of CO2 in each treatment gradually decreased at a steady state. The order of the release rate of CO2 during the culturing period was TM > SM3 > SM2 > SM1 > TS. The cumulative release of CO2 showed a rapid growth in the early and slowed growth in the late periods. Mineralization intensity of soil organic carbon was very small after 35 d of cultivation and most of the organic carbon was fixed in the soil. In all the treatments, TM showed the lowest organic carbon mineralization intensity, indicating that SMS was beneficial for soil carbon sequestration.
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图 1 添加不同比例菌渣后不同时间水稻土有机碳含量的变化
TS: 不施用蘑菇菌渣; SM1: 水稻土︰蘑菇菌渣=10︰1; SM2: 水稻土︰蘑菇菌渣=5︰1; SM3: 水稻土︰蘑菇菌渣=2︰1; TM: 全部为蘑菇菌渣。不同小写字母和大写字母分别表示同一处理不同时间段间和同一时间段不同处理间差异达显著水平(P< 0.05)。
Figure 1. Changes of organic carbon contents in paddy soil after adding different proportions of spent mushroom substrates for different times
TS: paddy soil without spent mushroom substrate; SM1: the ratio of paddy soil to spent mushroom substrate is 10︰1; SM2: the ratio of paddy soil to spent mushroom substrate is 5︰1; SM3: the ratio of paddy soil to spent mushroom substrate is 2︰1; TM: all is spent mushroom substrate. Different small letters and capital letters indicate significant difference among different times for the same treatment and different treatments at the same time,respectively,at 0.05 level.
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图 2 添加不同比例菌渣后不同时间水稻土碳的分解残留率的变化
TS: 不施用蘑菇菌渣; SM1: 水稻土∶蘑菇菌渣=10︰1; SM2: 水稻土∶蘑菇菌渣=5︰1; SM3: 水稻土∶蘑菇菌渣=2︰1; TM: 全部为蘑菇菌渣。不同小写字母和大写字母分别表示同一处理不同时间段间和同一时间段不同处理间差异达显著水平(P<0.05)。
Figure 2. Changes of decomposition rates of carbon in paddy soil after adding different proportions of spent mushroom substrates for different times
TS: paddy soil without spent mushroom substrate; SM1: the ratio of paddy soil to spent mushroom substrate is 10︰1; SM2: the ratio of paddy soil to spent mushroom substrate is 5︰1; SM3: the ratio of paddy soil to spent mushroom substrate is 2︰1; TM: all is spent mushroom substrate. Different small letters and capital letters indicate significant difference among different times for the same treatment and different treatments at the same time,respectively,at 0.05 level.
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图 3 添加不同比例菌渣后不同时间水稻土全氮含量的变化
TS: 不施用蘑菇菌渣; SM1: 水稻土︰蘑菇菌渣=10︰1; SM2:水稻土︰蘑菇菌渣=5︰1; SM3:水稻土:蘑菇菌渣=2︰1;TM: 全部为蘑菇菌渣。不同小写字母和大写字母分别表示同一处理不同时间段间和同一时间段不同处理间差异达显著水平(P<0.05)。
Figure 3. Changes of total nitrogen contents in paddy soil after adding different proportions of spent mushroom substrates for different times
TS: paddy soil without spent mushroom substrate; SM1: the ratio of paddy soil to spent mushroom substrate is 10︰1;SM2: the ratio of paddy soil to spent mushroom substrate is 5︰1; SM3:the ratio of paddy soil to spent mushroom substrate is 2︰1;TM: all is spent mushroom substrate. Different small letters and capital letters indicate significant difference among different times for the same treatment and different treatments at the same time,respectively,at 0.05 level.
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图 4 添加不同比例菌渣后不同时间水稻土氮的分解残留率的变化
TS: 不施用蘑菇菌渣; SM1: 水稻土∶蘑菇菌渣=10︰1; SM2: 水稻土︰蘑菇菌渣=5︰1; SM3: 水稻土∶蘑菇菌渣=2︰1; TM: 全部为蘑菇菌渣。不同小写字母和大写字母分别表示同一处理不同时间段间和同一时间段不同处理间差异达显著水平(P<0.05)。
Figure 4. Changes of decomposition rates of nitrogen in paddy soil after adding different proportions of spent mushroom substrates for different times
TS: paddy soil without spent mushroom substrate; SM1: the ratio of paddy soil to spent mushroom substrate is 10︰1; SM2: the ratio of paddy soil to spent mushroom substrate is 5︰1; SM3: the ratio of paddy soil to spent mushroom substrate is 2︰1; TM: all is spent mushroom substrate. Different small letters and capital letters indicate significant difference among different times for the same treatment and different treatments at the same time,respectively,at 0.05 level.
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图 5 添加不同比例菌渣后不同时间水稻土CO2释放速率(a)和累积释放量(b)的变化
TS:不施用蘑菇菌渣处理; SM1: 水稻土︰蘑菇菌渣=10︰1;SM2: 水稻土︰蘑菇菌渣=5︰1;SM3: 水稻土︰蘑菇菌渣= 2︰1;TM: 全部为蘑菇菌渣。
Figure 5. Changes of CO2 release rates (a) and cumulative release rates (b) in paddy soil after adding different proportions of spent mushroom substrates for different times
TS: paddy soil without spent mushroom substrate; SM1: the ratio of paddy soil to spent mushroom substrate is 10︰1;SM2: the ratio of paddy soil to spent mushroom substrate is 5︰1;SM3: the ratio of paddy soil to spent mushroom substrate is 2︰1;TM: all is spent mushroom substrate.
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图 6 添加不同比例菌渣后不同时间水稻土的有机碳矿化强度
TS: 不施用蘑菇菌渣; SM1: 水稻土∶蘑菇菌渣=10︰1; SM2:水稻土︰蘑菇菌渣=5︰1; SM3:水稻土∶蘑菇菌渣=2︰1;TM: 全部为蘑菇菌渣。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异达显著水平(P<0.05)。
Figure 6. Mineralization intensities of organic carbon in paddy soil after adding different proportions of spent mushroom substrates for different times
TS: paddy soil without spent mushroom substrate; SM1: the ratio of paddy soil to spent mushroom substrate is 10∶1;SM2: the ratio of paddy soil to spent mushroom substrate is 5︰1;SM3: the ratio of paddy soil to spent mushroom substrate is 2︰1;TM: all is spent mushroom substrate. Different small letters indicate significant difference among treatments at 0.05 level.
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