Abstract: Climate change has increasingly triggered extreme weather events, leading to significant adverse effects on crop production and posing challenges to the sustainability of agricultural systems. This study investigated the effects of different cropping systems on crop yields and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the Huang-Huai-Hai Region to provide a scientific basis for constructing climate-resilient, high-yield, and low-carbon cropping systems in this region. The field experiments were conducted between 2015 and 2020 at the Xinxiang Experimental Base of the Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Five distinct cropping systems were established: single-cropping system of winter wheat (W), single-cropping system of summer maize (M), single-cropping system of summer soybean (S), double-cropping system of winter wheat-summer soybean (W-S), and double cropping system of winter wheat-summer maize (W-M). This study comprehensively analyzed crop yield under the five cropping systems over six years and calculated the output value and economic benefit associated with each system. Additionally, from 2017 to 2019, we monitored soil GHG emissions, measured crop nitrogen accumulation, and calculated the partial factor productivity of nitrogen. The carbon footprint of each cropping system was assessed. The results revealed that the W-M cropping system consistently outperformed the other systems regarding annual maize equivalent yield, energy output, and economic benefit. This system demonstrated superior productivity, making it a highly effective system for achieving high yield and maximizing economic return. However, the W-M cropping system also exhibited the highest GHG emissions, indicating a potential trade-off between yield and environmental sustainability. In contrast, the W-S cropping system reduced cumulative N₂O emissions, direct GHG emissions, andcarbon footprint per unit sown area by 10.7%, 11.1%, and 4.7%, respectively, compared with the W-M cropping system. This reduction highlighted the GHG mitigation potential of the W-S cropping system with a relatively high yield. Moreover, the nitrogen accumulation of the three crops from high to low was soybean>wheat>maize. However, despite the lower nitrogen accumulation in maize, it exhibited the highest partial factor productivity of nitrogen. In conclusion, although the W-M cropping system emerged as the most effective system for maximizing crop yield and economic benefit, it also presents environmental challenges owing to its higher GHG emissions. Therefore, further research is essential to develop carbon emission-reduction techniques for the W-M cropping system, with the aim of balancing high yield and low carbon emissions. This study provides critical insights into the trade-offs and synergies between crop productivity and environmental sustainability under different cropping systems, offering valuable guidance for the development of climate-resilient agricultural practices in the Huang-Huai-Hai Region and similar agroecological regions.