Analysis of the benefit of green manure incorporation and exploration of its application in ecological farms

As an important source of biofertilizers, green manure is crucial for soil improvement and sustainable development on ecological farms. However, its effectiveness is influenced by multiple factors and involves trade-offs. Consequently, optimizing their utilization to maximize comprehensive benefits presents a significant technical challenge for ecological farms. This study aims to systematically evaluate the integrated benefits of green manure, identify efficient utilization patterns, and propose strategies for its optimal application on ecological farms. This study uses a literature review to systematically integrate research findings on the ecological benefits of green manure. Concurrently, a case study of a national-level ecological farm (Zhongde Farm) is conducted to analyze the practical application patterns and outcomes of green manure in a real-world production setting. The results indicated that incorporating green manure into the soil improved its properties, leading to an average increase of 13.8% in subsequent crop yields. It also benefited carbon sequestration by increasing soil organic carbon content by an average of 17.3%. However, its application involved trade-offs, such as soil moisture depletion and an increase in greenhouse gases emissions. The primary utilization patterns for green manure were rotation and intercropping. Intercropping was commonly practiced in economic crop systems, such as orchards and tea plantations, whereas rotation was mainly used for cereal crops, such as wheat and rice. The case of Zhongde Farm demonstrated that by rationally planning green manure rotation in paddy fields and greenhouses and scientifically selecting green manure species, it was possible to enhance soil fertility while simultaneously considering ecological landscapes and biodiversity conservation. This study revealed the key benefits and trade-offs of green manure application and refined a set of application strategies: selecting species based on local conditions, rationally arranging planting and management measures, and synergizing with other ecological practices. These findings provide a significant theoretical basis and practical reference for ecological farms to utilize green manure efficiently and rationally, thereby unifying production and ecological benefits.