Abstract: Achieving green and sustainable agricultural development while ensuring food security presents an urgent challenge. Therefore, we have to address how to balance the relationship between food production and ecosystem protection. Promoting their coordinated development is one of the effective approaches for the high-quality development of China’s agriculture and rural areas in the future. This paper takes Shanxi Province as a case for study. Remote sensing data were used to quantify the spatial distribution of food production capacity and ecosystem quality on both the grid and county scales. This study identified the advantageous areas of production-ecology synergy on dual spatial scales and proposed a priority development strategy for grain production driven by the classification of such areas. The results are summarized as follows: 1) The grain production capacity in Shanxi Province was stronger in the east than in the west, while ecosystem quality was better in the south than in the north. 2) In Shanxi Province, 1.8% of the area was characterized by both high production capacity and ecosystem quality, primarily located in the valley regions of the Sanggan, Hutuo, Muma, and Fenhe River basins in the north, as well as in low-altitude areas of the Taihang Mountains in the southeast. These regions not only had a good ecological foundation but also possessed favorable soil, water, and heat conditions, thus being suitable for prioritizing the development of a grain industry focusing on ecological planting. 3) In Shanxi Province, 6.5% of the area fell within regions where both production and ecological conditions were disadvantaged, mainly along the Yellow River in the north and west. Landscape fragmentation was a common feature of most of these regions. Restricted by the unique terrain and high altitude of the Loess Plateau, these regions had limited cultivated land resources and fragile ecosystems. In these regions, excessive expansion of crop cultivation is not advisable under current ecological conditions, and ecological restoration should be prioritized. According to the above research findings, we propose specific recommendations on the county scale by integrating the history and status of local agricultural development. For instance, we suggest that agricultural management departments should promote ecological crop cultivation in major advantageous areas such as Dingxiang and Shouyang for production-ecology synergy, and develop leisure agriculture in the advantageous areas on the near-urban regions. The research provides a scientific basis and strategic guidance for the comprehensive planning of food production patterns and the development of high-quality ecological agriculture.