Abstract: In-depth exploration of the mechanisms through which characteristic agriculture impacts farmers’ livelihoods holds significant implications for achieving common prosperity. Taking Fengshan County, Guangxi as the study area, this paper constructs a theoretical framework and evaluation index system for assessing how characteristic agriculture influences farm households’ livelihood resilience based on field survey data. By comprehensively employing the composite index method, Kruskal-Wallis test, and obstacle degree model, it systematically analyzes the disparity in livelihood resilience levels among households at different levels of agricultural participation and their influencing factors. The results indicate: (1) Characteristic agriculture influences farm households’ livelihood resilience through pathways such as factor allocation, risk response, and knowledge spillovers, with the degree of household participation playing a key moderating role, leading to heterogeneous pathways in the formation of livelihood resilience; (2) Overall livelihood resilience among sampled farm households remains low, with a capability structure characterized by “buffer capacity > self-organization capacity > learning capacity.” Participation levels show a significant positive correlation with livelihood resilience; (3) Community empowerment, household savings, cooperative participation, livelihood channels, and village affairs participation frequency constitute the primary constraints limiting improvements in household livelihood resilience. It is recommended to systematically enhance the resilience of farm households’ livelihoods by optimizing resource allocation, expanding income-generating channels, and improving the efficiency of cooperatives, thereby promoting a comprehensive improvement in their living and production standards.