Abstract: Against the backdrop of an increasingly severe situation of global food security and the accelerated transition toward modern agriculture, cultivating and developing new quality productive forces (NQPFs) in paddy fields has become a crucial initiative to promote the high-quality and sustainable development of the rice industry. This paper systematically analyzes the theoretical foundations of NQPFs and their application in agriculture. It further elaborates on the conceptual framework of NQPFs in paddy fields across multiple dimensions, including technology, production factors, industrial structure, and ecological integration. This paper highlights the innovative, intelligent, efficient, green, low-carbon, integrated and synergistic, as well as open and inclusive attributes of NQPFs. It expounds the significance of fostering NQPFs in paddy fields from four key perspectives: strengthening yield capacity and stabilizing supply to reinforce food security; increasing farmers' income and stimulating new drivers for rural revitalization; promoting resource conservation and transforming resource utilization patterns; and protecting the environment to promote ecological progress. The development of NQPFs in paddy fields is thus portrayed as a systematic and strategic undertaking vital to national interests. Nevertheless, China still faces multiple challenges in the cultivation of NQPFs in paddy fields. These challenges include persistently small and fragmented land holdings that limit economies of scale, weak production infrastructure and insufficient intelligent equipment, tightening ecological constraints (such as soil degradation and non-point source pollution), a shortage of skilled practitioners and an imbalanced talent structure, as well as an agricultural sci-tech innovation system that requires greater efficacy—particularly in translating research into practical applications. To address these challenges, this study proposes a comprehensive and systematic set of measures. The proposed measures emphasize strengthening technological innovation as the core driver, particularly in areas like biotechnology and smart agriculture; optimizing institutional policies and financial support mechanisms to create a favorable environment; cultivating new types of agricultural business entities and a new generation of skilled professionals as key agents of change; promoting industrial integration to extend value chains and explore new value spaces through multiple means such as circular economy models and “paddy field +” formats; and deepening international cooperation to integrate into global innovation and market networks. Through synergistic collaboration among the government, industry, academia, research institutions, and end-users, this multifaceted approach aims to break through the rigid constraints of resources and the environment, comprehensively enhance the total factor productivity of the rice industry, and provide robust theoretical support and practical guidance for safeguarding national food security and achieving sustainable agricultural development.