Abstract: Nutrition is a key factor for trees to maintain their growth and development, quality formation and yield. In natural ecosystems, pathogenic bacteria interfere with the nutrition signal transduction and metabolic homeostasis of trees by hijacking the host's nutrition supply pathways, thereby weakening their stress resistance. In the co-evolution of trees and pathogens, trees have evolved a cross–regulation module of nutrient uptake and immune signals, achieving a dynamic balance between nutrient utilization and pathogen resistance. Studies have shown that many types of nutrient signal receptors have dual functions of nutrient perception and transmembrane transport. Under pathogen stress, trees can activate systemic immune resistance by reconfiguring the nutrient distribution network. Notably, the abundance or deficiency of nutrient elements directly affects the metabolic reprogramming and immune response intensity of plants. Nutrient deficiency often leads to a significant reduction in disease resistance. Therefore, understanding the interaction mechanism among tree nutrition metabolism, immune defense and developmental regulation has important theoretical value for improving the ecological adaptability of forest trees under adverse conditions. This article systematically reviews the dual roles of key nutrient elements in tree growth and development and immune regulation, summarizes different immune type mechanisms, and discusses the differences in the interaction between nutrition and immunity between trees and herbaceous plants, providing a new theoretical basis for tree disease-resistant breeding and efficient resource utilization.