不同类型添加剂对中药渣-牛粪堆肥过程碳氮损失和腐殖化的影响

Effect of different types of additives on carbon and nitrogen loss and humification during Chinese medicine residue - cow manure composting

  • 摘要: 中医药生产过程中产生的中药渣富含有机物质和微量元素, 可作为生产有机肥的生物质原料, 在资源化利用方面具有广泛的应用前景。为实现废弃物的资源化利用, 发挥不同类型有机物料腐解特性互补优势, 本研究以中药渣为原料制备有机肥, 将中药渣与牛粪按照3∶10(湿重)充分混合作为基础堆肥原料, 并添加7% (干重)生物炭、7% (干重)黏土矿物和微生物菌剂3类常用堆肥添加剂, 采用50 L的封闭式堆肥反应器进行为期35 d的好氧堆肥试验, 探究不同类型添加剂对有机肥制备过程中养分转化的影响, 为制备高效生物有机肥提供技术支撑。试验共设置9个处理: 无添加剂(CK); 添加300 ℃下制备的生物炭(简写为300 ℃生物炭, 下同)(300C); 添加500 ℃生物炭(500C); 添加700 ℃生物炭(700C); 添加蒙脱石(M); 添加米曲霉(W); 添加500 ℃生物炭+蒙脱石(500CM); 添加500 ℃生物炭+米曲霉(500CW); 添加500 ℃生物炭+蒙脱石+米曲霉(500CMW)。研究结果表明: 生物炭、蒙脱石和米曲霉作为堆肥添加剂单独添加和联合添加均有利于堆体升温, 加快堆肥进程。与CK相比, 300C、500C、700C、M、500CM和500CMW处理均提高了堆肥的腐殖质含量并降低了碳氮损失, 碳损失分别降低了19.52%、20.07%、18.55%、7.06%、27.12%和9.45%, 氮损失分别降低61.76%、50.79%、39.22%、35.16%、63.16%和20.33%。与CK相比, W处理提高腐殖质含量的效果最好, 提高了27.00%的腐殖质含量。生物炭、蒙脱石和米曲霉作为堆肥添加剂有利于加快堆肥成熟, 促进堆肥腐殖化, 生物炭添加有利于提高有机肥有机质含量, 添加生物炭和蒙脱石更有利于减少碳氮损失, 二者共同添加效果更好, 添加米曲霉更有利于促进堆肥腐殖化。由此可见, 生物质炭和蒙脱石可通过降低碳氮损失实现保肥、米曲霉则通过加速有机物料的腐殖化进程实现有机肥制备的快速、高效。在本研究的试验条件下, 最佳的添加剂方案为共同添加500 ℃生物炭和米曲霉, 能够提高有机肥的有机质和养分含量, 提高腐殖化程度, 得到高质量的有机肥。

     

    Abstract: Residues generated during traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) production are rich in organic matter and trace elements, serving as valuable biomass raw material for organic fertilizer production with broad prospects for resource utilization. To achieve waste valorization and leverage the complementary decomposition characteristics of different organic materials, this study prepared organic fertilizer using TCM residues. The residues were thoroughly mixed with cow manure at a 3:10 wet weight ratio as the base composting material. Three commonly used additives — biochar (produced at different temperatures, 7% dry weight), clay minerals (montmorillonite, 7% dry weight), and a microbial inoculant (Aspergillus oryzae) — were incorporated. A 35-day aerobic composting experiment was conducted in a 50 L closed reactor to investigate the effects of different additive types on nutrient transformation during organic fertilizer preparation, aiming to provide technical support for producing efficient bio-organic fertilizers. Nine treatments were established: no additive (CK); biochar produced at 300 °C (300C); biochar produced at 500 °C (500C); biochar produced at 700 °C (700C); montmorillonite (M); A. oryzae (W); biochar produced at 500 °C + montmorillonite (500CM); biochar produced at 500 °C + A. oryzae (500CW); biochar produced at 500 °C + montmorillonite + A. oryzae (500CMW). The results demonstrated that adding biochar, montmorillonite, and A. oryzae, either individually or in combined, facilitated pile temperature increase and accelerated the composting process. Compared to CK treatment, the treatments of 300C, 500C, 700C, M, 500CM and 500CMW increased humus content and reduced carbon and nitrogen losses. Specifically, carbon losses were reduced by 19.52%, 20.07%, 18.55%, 7.06%, 27.12%, and 9.45%, respectively. N losses were reduced by 61.76%, 50.79%, 39.22%, 35.16%, 63.16%, and 20.31%, respectively. Among these, the W treatment yielded the highest increase in humus content (27.00% higher than CK). The additives biochar, montmorillonite, and A. oryzae promoted compost maturation and humification. Biochar addition enhanced the organic matter content of the fertilizer. Combining biochar with montmorillonite was particularly effective in reducing C and N losses, with synergistic effects observed. Conversely, adding A. oryzae was more effective in accelerating the humification of organic materials. Thus, biochar and montmorillonite conserved nutrients by minimizing C and N losses, while A. oryzae enabled rapid and efficient organic fertilizer preparation by expediting humification. Under the experimental conditions of this study, the optimal additive combination was the co-application of 500 °C biochar and A. oryzae (500CW), which enhanced the organic matter and nutrient content, increased the degree of humification, and produced a high-quality organic fertilizer.

     

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