Abstract: Modern eco-agriculture, as a vital pathway to achieving sustainable agricultural development, has achieved significant theoretical and practical progresses in recent years. This paper expounds systematically the fundamental concepts, essential characteristics, and scientific implication of modern eco-agriculture. Further, the new developing trends of modern eco-agriculture is analyzed, which is significantly different from the traditional eco-agriculture in concept connotation, technological approaches, goal orientation, system structures, and scale impacts. Through technological integration and model upgrading, the modern eco-agriculture is widely applied in facility, intelligent, vertical, compound, and circular eco-agriculture. Simultaneously, based on the domestic and international development experiences, this paper proposes that the modern eco-agriculture should strengthen the organic integration of three objectives including ecological benefits, economic benefits, and social benefits, accelerate the conversion from a single production-oriented to a holistic concept of “big agriculture, big ecology, and big society”, and promote the green and low-carbon development of agriculture by empowering modern eco-agriculture with new quality productive forces. Five strategic recommendations are proposed for promoting innovation and entrepreneurship in modern eco-agriculture: (1) strengthen the application of new-quality productivity to lead high-quality and large-scale development of modern eco-agriculture; (2) enhance interdisciplinary collaborative research to build a modern eco-agricultural production technology system; (3) strengthen the integration of scientific and technological innovation with entrepreneurship, and consolidates the foundation for high-yield, high-quality, and efficient green development; (4) enhance the functional allocation of the ecosystem and improve the efficiency of complex and three-dimensional agricultural production and management; (5) strengthen the policy and institutional systems to consolidate the foundation of modern eco-agriculture and enhance its safeguarding capacity.