耕播方式对丘陵麦茬玉米播种出苗质量和产量的影响*

Effects of tillage and sowing methods on seedling emergence quality and yield of summer maize following wheat stubble in hilly regions*

    摘要
  • 摘要: 为了探究机械化耕播方式对丘陵麦茬夏玉米播种出苗质量、幼苗素质和产量的影响，于2020-2022年设置旋耕机播 (RTMS)、免耕机播 (NTMS)、条带旋耕机播 (STMS) 三种耕播方式，研究耕播方式对麦茬玉米播种出苗质量和产量的影响。结果表明：耕播方式显著影响玉米播种出苗质量，与RTMS和NTMS相比，STMS播深整齐度和粒距合格率三年分别平均提高了31.74%、 39.81% 和6.65%、10.86%，出苗率和地上部干重三年分别平均提高了0.73%、8.14%和97.45%、51.81%。3年玉米产量均表现为STMS>RTMS>NTMS。与RTMS相比，NTMS玉米穗粒数平均增加3.16%，千粒重平均增加2.67%，但有效穗数降低8.89%，导致产量平均降低4.24%，而STMS玉米穗粒数平均增加2.52%，千粒重平均增加1.81%，有效穗数增加0.81%，3年产量较RTMS平均提高6.70%。通径分析表明，有效穗数和千粒重对产量的贡献率分别为56.12%、42.07% 。相关分析表明，玉米有效穗数与出苗率、粒距合格率极显著正相关，千粒重与幼苗干重显著正相关，穗粒数与幼苗整齐度正相关，玉米产量与有效穗数、千粒重、出苗率和粒距合格率极显著正相关。条带旋耕机播(STMS)显著提高了丘陵麦茬玉米播种出苗质量和幼苗素质，改善了玉米产量构成，最终提高了玉米产量，是适宜丘陵麦茬玉米的机械化耕播方式。

     

    Abstract: To investigate the effects of mechanized tillage and sowing methods on seedling emergence quality, seedling vigor, and yield of summer maize following wheat stubble in hilly regions, three methods—rotary tillage mechanical sowing (RTMS), no-tillage mechanical sowing (NTMS), and strip-tillage mechanical sowing (STMS)—were tested from 2020 to 2022. The results showed that tillage and sowing methods significantly influenced maize seedling emergence quality. Compared with RTMS and NTMS, STMS increased sowing depth uniformity and qualified seed spacing rate by 31.74% and 39.81%, and 6.65% and 10.86% on average over three years, respectively. The seedling emergence rate and above-ground dry weight under STMS were enhanced by 0.73% and 8.14%, and 97.45% and 51.81%, respectively. Maize yield consistently ranked as STMS > RTMS > NTMS across the three years. Compared with RTMS, NTMS increased grains per ear by 3.16% and 1000-kernel weight by 2.67% on average, but reduced effective ear number by 8.89%, resulting in an average yield reduction of 4.24%. In contrast, STMS increased grains per ear by 2.52%, 1000-kernel weight by 1.81%, and effective ear number by 0.81%, achieving a 6.70% average yield increase over RTMS. Path analysis revealed that effective ear number and 1000-kernel weight contributed 56.12% and 42.07% to yield, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated that effective ear number was highly significantly positively correlated with emergence rate and qualified seed spacing rate, 1000-kernel weight was significantly positively correlated with seedling dry weight , grains per ear were positively correlated with seedling uniformity, and maize yield was highly significantly positively correlated with effective ear number, 1000-kernel weight, emergence rate, and qualified seed spacing rate . Strip-tillage mechanical sowing (STMS) significantly improved seedling emergence quality and vigor, optimized yield components, and ultimately enhanced maize yield, demonstrating its suitability as the optimal mechanized tillage and sowing method for hilly wheat stubble maize.

     

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