Abstract: Considering the “dual carbon” background, agricultural planting, as a fundamental food supply industry, not only possesses dual carbon source and sink attributes, but also bears the responsibility of ensuring carbon sequestration, emissions reduction, and food security. Therefore, achieving the coordinated development of carbon sequestration and emissions reduction in agricultural planting and national food security while ensuring the stable development of food quantity and quality has become a common concern for society as a whole. Currently, carbon sequestration and emissions reduction in agricultural planting and food security have not been fully and systematically studied within the same framework, particularly in terms of their coupling relationships, collaborative mechanisms, and development paths. Therefore, this study reviews, summarizes, and generalizes the relevant literature locally and abroad on the connotations, measurement methods, spatiotemporal patterns, influencing factors, and collaborative development of carbon sequestration and emissions reduction in agricultural planting and food security. Concurrently, based on analysis of the possible conflicts and synergies between carbon sequestration and emissions reduction in agricultural planting and food security, it is found that agricultural planting can achieve a win–win situation of carbon reduction and food production through technologies such as crop rotation and precision fertilization, and both have stronger synergy under technological innovation and policy guidance. However, existing research has significant shortcomings. First, a comprehensive evaluation index system for collaborative development has not yet been established; second, there is insufficient research on the spatiotemporal pattern evolution and driving factors of collaborative development; third, conflicts between different policy departments have led to contradictions between carbon sequestration and emissions reduction in agricultural planting and food security. Therefore, future research needs to focus on the following four aspects. First, a reasonable and scientific coupling coordination model should be constructed to overcome the volatility and incomparability of traditional model results; second, exploratory data analysis tools and kernel density estimation should be employed to analyze the spatiotemporal changes and evolutionary characteristics of their collaborative development; third, research should be conducted on the mechanisms and pathways for the coordinated development of carbon sequestration, emissions reduction, and food security in agricultural planting under different scenarios; fourth, modern information technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence should be introduced to establish a unified monitoring network and data sharing platform, ultimately providing a scientific basis for achieving China’s agricultural “dual carbon” goals and ensuring national food security and harmonious progress.