减氮配施腐植酸对海岛棉植株及土壤养分的影响

Effects of nitrogen reduction combined with humic acid application on island cotton plant and nutrient utilization

  • 摘要: 探究减氮配施腐植酸对海岛棉植株及土壤养分的影响,为新疆海岛棉主产区的合理施肥提供科学依据。于2022-2023年,采用单因素随机区组试验,以海岛棉‘新78’为材料,设置不施氮(CK)、正常施氮600 kg·hm-2(OF1)、减量施氮300 kg·hm-2(OF2)、减量施氮300 kg·hm-2+腐植酸150 kg·hm-2(OF3)、施腐植酸300 kg·hm-2(OF4)5个处理,分析不同施肥方式对海岛棉植株干物质积累、氮磷钾积累和分配、棉田土壤养分及产量品质的影响。结果表明:减氮配施腐植酸能有效促进海岛棉干物质积累、优化干物质分配,OF3处理下年均干物质积累量最高,较CK、OF1、OF2、OF4分别高出25.07%、1.51%、16.31%、12.37%。OF3还有效促进养分向生殖器官转移,生殖器官的分配比例逐渐增加,年均积累量较CK增加26.61%,与OF1差异不显著。减氮配施腐植酸可显著提升海岛棉植株全氮、全磷、全钾积累量,促进氮磷钾积累向生殖器官分配。在花铃期和吐絮期,OF3处理的植株全氮、全磷、全钾的积累量显著高于CK,尽管全氮积累量略低于OF1,但差异不显著。OF3能够促进海岛棉植株养分向生殖器官分配,吐絮期生殖器官全氮、全磷、全钾占比最高,分别为63.65%、62.96%、59.69%。减氮配施腐植酸可显著增加土壤有机质和碱解氮含量,在花铃期和吐絮期,土壤有机质含量以OF4最高,OF3次之;土壤碱解氮含量以OF1最高,OF3次之;土壤速效磷、速效钾含量OF3最高,OF4次之。此外,减氮配施腐植酸不仅能提高海岛棉产量,还能使海岛棉纤维品质保持较高水平,OF3年均产量及产量构成因素均表现最佳,CK最低,OF3年均籽棉产量达6 581.15 kg·hm-2,较CK、OF1、OF2、OF4高出26.96%、4.36%、10.37%、15.86%,OF3海岛棉年均断裂比强度与年均马克隆值较CK、OF2、OF4分别高出3.35%、2.43%、3.79%和9.13%、6.94%、6.94%,且OF3与OF1的纤维指标无显著差异。因此,在新疆海岛棉主产区生产中采用施氮300 kg·hm-2+腐植酸150 kg·hm-2的施肥策略,能够显著提高海岛棉植株氮磷钾积累量,提高土壤有机质和速效氮含量,维持土壤磷钾元素平衡,并获得较高籽棉产量,以实现氮肥高效利用和产量提升的双重目标。

     

    Abstract: Explore the effects nitrogen reduction combined with humic acid application on the nutrient status of island cotton plants and soil, providing a scientific basis for rational fertilization in the main production areas of island cotton in Xinjiang. The study was conducted from 2022 to 2023 using the island cotton variety 'new 78' as the experimental material. Five treatments were established: no nitrogen (CK), normal nitrogen 600 kg·hm-2(OF1), reduced nitrogen 300 kg·hm-2(OF2), reduced nitrogen 300 kg·hm-2 + humic acid 150 kg·hm-2 (OF3) and humic acid 300 kg·hm-2(OF4). The impacts of different fertilization methods on dry matter accumulation, the accumulation and distribution of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, soil nutrient levels, yield, and quality in island cotton fields were analyzed. The results showed that nitrogen reduction combined with humic acid could effectively promote dry matter accumulation and optimize its distribution in island cotton. The average annual dry matter accumulation under OF3 treatment was the highest, exceeding that of CK, OF1, OF2, and OF4 by 25.07%, 1.51%, 16.31% and 12.37%, respectively. OF3 facilitated the transfer of nutrients to the reproductive organs, resulting in a gradual increase in the distribution proportion of these organs, the annual accumulation increased by 26.61% compared to CK, which was not significantly different from OF1. This combination approach also significantly enhanced the accumulation of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium in island cotton plants, and promoted the distribution of these nutrients to the reproductive organs. In plants treated with OF3, the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium accumulation were significantly higher than those in CK. Although total nitrogen accumulation was slightly lower than OF1, the difference was not significant.OF3 promotes the distribution of nutrients from island cotton plants to the reproductive organs, with the proportions of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium in these organs being the highest at 63.65%, 62.96% and 59.69%, respectively. The combination of nitrogen reduction combined with humic application significantly increase the content of soil organic matter and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen. During the flowering and boll formation stage, the highest soil organic matter content is observed in OF4 , followed closely by OF3. OF1 exhibits the highest content of soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, with OF3 ranking second. The highest levels of soil available phosphorus and potassium are found in OF3, followed by OF4. In addition, the application of nitrogen reduction in conjunction with humic acid not only achieves the highest yield of island cotton, but also maintain a high level of fiber quality. The annual yield and yield components of OF3 are the best among the treatments, while CK yields the lowest, the annual seed cotton yield under OF3 reaches 6 581.15kg ·hm-2, which is 26.96%, 4.36%, 10.37% and 15.86% higher than CK, OF1, OF2 and OF4, compared with CK, OF2 and OF4, the average annual fracture specific strength and Maxloon value of OF3 cotton are 3.35%, 2.43%, 3.79% and 9.13%, 6.94% and 6.94%, respectively, showing no significant difference between OF3 and OF1 fiber indexes in two years. Therefore, implementing a fertilization strategy of 300 kg·hm-2 nitrogen and 150 kg·hm-2 humic acid in the main production area of island cotton in Xinjiang can significantly increase the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in island cotton plants, It also increases the content of soil organic matter and available nitrogen, maintains the balance of soil phosphorus and potassium, and results in higher seed cotton yields, thereby achieving the dual objectives of efficient nitrogen fertilizer utilization and yield enhancement.

     

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