Abstract: Climate change has exerted a profound impact on the agricultural production system, and promoting the transformation of agriculture toward green, low-carbon, and sustainable development has become a global consensus. This paper analyzes the basic connotation, key characteristics, and internal logic of agricultural green production transformation under climate change scenarios. From the perspective of connotation, agricultural green production transformation refers to the process of promoting agricultural production modes toward low-carbon, efficient, and sustainable directions through technological innovation, policy support, and other measures. From the perspective of characteristics, it is manifested as the synergistic drive of economic and social benefits, the complementarity of scientific innovation and green technology promotion, and the joint guidance of regional differentiation and the “dual carbon” goals. From the perspective of internal logic, under the background of climate change, the transformation of agricultural green production is grounded in resilience theory, oriented toward efficient resource utilization, ecological environment conservation, and the multidimensional enhancement of agricultural production efficiency, and driven by the synergy of technological innovation, policy guidance, and market demand. Based on a review of domestic and international literature, this paper further examines the development status and challenges of agricultural green production transformation under climate change scenarios, and proposes corresponding optimization strategies. The study shows that climate change has adverse impacts on agricultural production structure and crop growth cycles, such as aggravating agricultural non-point source pollution, lowering resource use efficiency, and hindering the promotion and application of green technologies. Moreover, deficiencies remain in agricultural infrastructure construction, production mode adjustment, and policy support systems. To address these issues, this paper proposes optimizing planting systems and crop distribution, accelerating the promotion of green agricultural technologies, and strengthening the construction of agricultural infrastructure, so as to enhance the resilience and adaptability of agricultural production systems, ensure food security, and advance the green transformation of agriculture. Furthermore, agricultural green transformation is not only an inherent requirement for achieving sustainable development, but also an important pathway to implementing the concept of “lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets” and realizing the “dual carbon ” goals. By constructing an agricultural production system guided by resource conservation, environmental friendliness, and ecological priority, it can not only mitigate climate risks and maintain ecological security, but also promote the deep integration of agricultural modernization and rural revitalization, thereby providing valuable experience and references for the green and low-carbon transformation of agriculture in China and beyond.