Abstract: Climate change has had a profound impact on agricultural production system, and promoting the transformation of agriculture toward green, low-carbon, and sustainable development has become a global consensus. This study analyzes the basic connotations, key characteristics, and internal logic of agricultural green production transformation under various climate change scenarios. From a conceptual perspective, agricultural green production transformation refers to the process of promoting agricultural production modes in low-carbon, high-efficient, and sustainable directions through technological innovation, policy support, and other measures. From the perspective of characteristics, it is manifested as the synergistic drive of economic and social benefits, the complementarity of scientific innovation and green technology promotion, and the joint guidance of regional differentiation and the “dual carbon” goals. From the perspective of internal logic, in the context of climate change, agricultural green production transformation is grounded in resilience theory, oriented toward efficient resource utilization, ecological environment conservation, and multidimensional enhancement of agricultural productivity, and is driven by the synergy of technological innovation, policy guidance, and market demand. Based on a review of domestic and international literature, this study further examines the development status and challenges of agricultural green production transformation under climate change scenarios and proposes corresponding optimization strategies. This study shows that climate change adversely affects agricultural production structure and crop growth cycles by aggravating agricultural non-point source pollution, lowering resource-use efficiency, and hindering the promotion and application of green technologies. Moreover, deficiencies remain in the construction of agricultural infrastructure, production mode adjustments, and policy support systems. To address these issues, this study proposes optimizing planting systems and crop distribution, accelerating the adoption of green agricultural technologies, and strengthening the construction of agricultural infrastructure to enhance the resilience and adaptability of production systems, ensure food security, and advance the green transformation of agriculture. Furthermore, agricultural green transformation is not only an inherent requirement for achieving sustainable development but also an important pathway to implementing the concept of “lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets” and realizing the “dual carbon” goals. Constructing an agricultural production system guided by resource conservation, environmental friendliness, and ecological priority not only mitigates climate risks and maintains ecological security but also promotes the deep integration of agricultural modernization and rural revitalization, thereby providing valuable experience and references for the green and low-carbon transformation of agriculture in China.