Abstract: Agricultural non-point source pollution has become a major factor restricting sustainable agricultural development and ecological environmental protection. As a key measure to promote high-quality agricultural development and rural revitalization, digital rural construction plays an important role in the prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution. In this study, we aim to examine the impact of digital rural construction on agricultural non-point source pollution, analyze its effects and transmission mechanisms, and propose corresponding countermeasures to support pollution prevention and control. Extensive research has been conducted on both digital rural construction and agricultural non-point source pollution, providing a solid theoretical and practical foundation for this study. However, a review of the literature indicates that analyses of digital rural construction have primarily remained at the theoretical level, focusing on its social and economic benefits. By contrast, more attention has been paid to the causes and current state of agricultural non-point source pollution, with environmental regulation emerging as a primary research focus. The ecological effects of digital rural construction, along with its potential role in pollution prevention and control, remain insufficiently explored. In view of this gap, we adopted a research methodology that combined theoretical analysis with empirical testing. First, a theoretical framework was developed to analyze the impact of digital rural construction on agricultural non-point source pollution. Then, a mathematical model and an evaluation index system were constructed. The evaluation index system for digital rural construction included 14 secondary indicators from three dimensions: construction of digital rural, productive investment in digital rural, and transformation and development of rural life. With the agricultural non-point source pollution as the entry point, this study explored the ecological effects of digital rural construction by using provincial-level panel data from China covering the years 2013 to 2022, to enrich the understanding of its ecological functions, and proposed new strategies for pollution prevention and control. The results showed that the level of digital rural construction in China has generally risen, whereas agricultural non-point source pollution has declined, particularly in the eastern and central regions. Empirical findings revealed that: 1) digital rural construction significantly promoted the prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution, and this conclusion remained robust after a series of sensitivity tests. 2) Digital rural construction helped to reduce pollution by upgrading the industrial structure and advancing agricultural technologies. 3) Heterogeneity analysis indicated that digital rural construction significantly curbed agricultural non-point source pollution in both the eastern and central regions, whereas its effect was not statistically significant in the western and northeastern regions. It also exerted a notable inhibitory effect in both major grain-producing and non-major grain-producing areas and effectively reduced pollution from four key sources: pesticides, chemical fertilizers, agricultural films, and agricultural diesel. Based on these findings, this study proposes strengthening digital rural construction, improving the digitalization of agricultural and rural activities, enhancing agricultural science and technology, continuously optimizing the industrial structure, fully leveraging the influence of the eastern and central regions, and increasing policy support for the western and northeastern regions.