Abstract: The high-quality agricultural development in China is facing multiple challenges such as bottlenecks in scientific and technological innovation and transformation, imbalance in factor allocation and insufficient integration of industrial chains. It is urgent to reconstruct technology, factors and industrial systems through new quality productive forces to solve the synergistic problems of production efficiency, resource utilization and sustainability. This paper employs literature analysis and the inductive deduction method, based on the three major factors of new quality productive forces: technological revolutionary breakthrough, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep industrial transformation and upgrading. It focuses on the three major systems of high-quality agricultural development: the modern agricultural production system, the modern agricultural management system and the modern agricultural industry system. The technical dilemma is mainly manifested in insufficient research and development investment, difficulties in technology promotion, limited technical adaptability, and insufficient protection of intellectual property rights. The factor dilemma is primarily demonstrated through imperfect data acquisition and sharing mechanisms, weak data security and privacy protection, a lack of supply of agricultural financial services, and an imperfect financial risk assessment system. The industrial dilemma is mainly exhibited through the limited development of emerging formats, insufficient brand building and market trust, uncertainty of market demand and poor feedback mechanisms, along with insufficient integration and synergy of the industrial chain. This paper proposes the key path of new quality productive forces to empower high-quality agricultural development, aiming to provide new ideas for high-quality agricultural development. The results indicate that: 1) new quality productive forces supplies new agricultural tools, new agricultural materials, and new agricultural methodologies for high-quality agricultural development through technology, factors, and industry; 2) new quality productive forces empowers high-quality agricultural development to confront technical, factor, and industrial difficulties; 3) the key pathway of new quality productive forces to empower high-quality agricultural development mainly includes technology empowerment and stimulating new vitality, upgrading elements to enhance new efficiency, industrial optimization and the cultivation of new business formats. New quality productive forces propels the leap in total factor productivity through scientific and technological innovation, providing core momentum for agricultural modernization. In the future, it is essential to strengthen technological adaptability, factor mobility, and industrial resilience to offer theoretical support and practical paradigms for the construction of an agricultural power.