Abstract: This study aims to investigate the impact of the high-standard farmland construction policy on green agricultural development, providing a theoretical basis for enhancing new quality productive forces in agriculture and promoting sustainable agricultural development. Utilizing the provincial panel data of China from 2010 to 2021, this paper employs a DID model to systematically examine the impact of high-standard farmland construction on green agricultural development and delves into the heterogeneity of this impact under varying conditions. The main findings are as follows: First, during the study period, the level of agricultural green development in China exhibited a generally stable upward trend. The baseline regression results indicated that high-standard farmland construction, with core objectives of improving cultivated land quality and optimizing land use patterns, significantly promoted green agricultural development. The above results held true after undergoing a series of robustness tests, including replacing explanatory variables, switching modeling methods, and controlling for policy interference. Second, mechanism analysis revealed that high-standard farmland construction primarily functioned by fostering the consolidation of farmland plots and the scaling up of agricultural operations. Specifically, the construction activities enhance farmland infrastructure and spatial layout, reducing fragmentation, which in turn boosted the vitality and development of the farmland transfer market. This process subsequently promoted green agricultural development through optimized resource allocation. Third, heterogeneity analysis results demonstrated that the enhancing effect of high-standard farmland construction on green agricultural development was not uniform but exhibited significant regional and functional disparities. Notably, the positive promoting effect was more pronounced and substantial in major grain-producing provinces, which bear core responsibility for national food security, as well as in provinces located in central China. The conclusions of this study suggest that systematically advancing the high-standard farmland construction policy is a crucial measure for steering China’s agricultural sector towards green transformation and achieving intensive growth in the new era. According to the findings, policy implementation should emphasize adaptation to local conditions and scientific planning to rationally design and complete high-standard farmland construction tasks. Particular attention must be paid to the intensity and quality of construction in major grain-producing regions to solidify their foundation for green development. Simultaneously, it is essential to prioritize and improve the institutional and market environment related to farmland transfer. By facilitating the orderly transfer of management rights, favorable conditions can be created for achieving consolidated and large-scale agricultural operations. This approach will continuously enhance new quality productive forces in agriculture and ultimately effectively promote the green and sustainable development of agriculture.