生态农场不同生态用地地表节肢动物多样性及其对植被多样性的响应

Diversity of ground-dwelling arthropods in different ecological lands of an ecological farm and their responses to plant diversity

  • 摘要: 随着生态环保意识的增强和对安全食品需求的提升, 生态农场建设不断兴起, 生态用地保留成为生态农场建设的重要指标。节肢动物在农业生态系统稳定和农业可持续生产中发挥重要作用, 揭示并评估生态农场不同生态用地中节肢动物多样性及影响因素对指导生态农场建设、保障农场绿色生产具有重要意义。本研究在江苏省昆山悦丰岛有机农场, 调查滨水绿地、草地、果园、林地、绿篱、竹林6种生态用地的节肢动物多样性及草本层植被, 分析不同生态用地类型节肢动物多样性状况, 并揭示生态用地类型及其草本层植被多样性对节肢动物多样性的影响。研究结果显示: 1)不同类型生态用地节肢动物多样性存在显著差异, 草地、绿篱和滨水绿地节肢动物群落组成较为相似, 林地、竹林和果园的节肢动物群落组成较为相似; 不同类型生态用地中节肢动物的丰富度和多度差异不显著, 果园Shannon指数最高, 且显著高于最低的草地, 其他类型彼此间无显著差异。2)各生态用地节肢动物均以中性节肢动物所占比例最大; 不同生态用地间, 害虫类节肢动物和天敌类节肢动物的丰富度无显著差异, 多度和Shannon指数存在显著差异; 中性节肢动物在不同生态用地间的丰富度和Shannon指数均无显著差异, 但多度存在显著差异; 滨水绿地、林地和绿篱生态用地中天敌害虫比均大于1。3)植被丰富度、盖度、Shannon指数与害虫节肢动物多度呈现负相关, 与害虫Shannon指数显著正相关, 总体节肢动物类群以及天敌、中性类群节肢动物与植被多样性之间无显著相关关系。研究表明, 生态农场保持多样的植被覆盖作为生态用地, 可以有效提高农场区域内的节肢动物生物多样性, 但不同植被覆盖生态用地对维持总体及不同功能群节肢动物的效果存在差异。果园生物多样性维持功能表现最优, 绿篱害虫控制功能表现最优。同时, 增加草本层植被多样性可以为节肢动物提供更适宜的生存环境, 并抑制害虫爆发。

     

    Abstract: The increasing awareness of ecological conservation and the rising demand for safe food has meant that the development of ecological farms has gained momentum with the preservation of ecological land emerging as a critical component of their establishment. Arthropods maintain the stability of agricultural ecosystems and promote sustainable food production. Thus, understanding and evaluating arthropod diversity and its influencing factors across different ecological land types in ecological farms are essential for guiding farm construction and ensuring green production practices. This study investigated the ground-dwelling arthropod diversity and herbaceous vegetation across six ecological land types — waterfront, grassland, orchard, forest land, hedgerow, and bamboo forest — at Yuefeng Island Organic Farm in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China. The arthropod diversity patterns among land types were analyzed and the effects of ecological land type and herbaceous vegetation diversity on arthropod communities were explored. The key findings were as follows: 1) Significant differences in arthropod diversity were observed across ecological land types. Grasslands, hedgerows, and waterfront harbored similar arthropod community compositions, whereas forest land, bamboo forest, and orchards formed another distinct cluster. Although arthropod family richness and abundance did not significantly differ among the land types, orchards had the highest Shannon index and it was significantly greater than that for grassland. There were no significant differences among the other land types. 2) Neutral arthropods dominated the arthropod communities in all land types and comprised the largest proportion of arthropods. The richness indexes of the pest and natural enemy arthropods were not significant different across the land use types, but there were significant differences in their abundances and Shannon indices. The richness and Shannon indexes for neutral arthropods were similar among land types, but their abundances were significantly different. Notably, the natural enemy-to-pest ratio exceeded one in waterfront, forest land, and hedgerow habitats. 3) Herbaceous vegetation traits — richness, coverage, and Shannon index — were negatively correlated with pest arthropod abundance, but were positively correlated with the Shannon diversity index for pest arthropods. No significant correlations were detected between total arthropods, natural enemies, neutral arthropods, and vegetation diversity. This study shows that maintaining diversely vegetated ecological lands can effectively enhance arthropod biodiversity in ecological farm areas, although their roles in sustaining total arthropod numbers and functional arthropod groups differ; orchards strongly support overall biodiversity, whereas hedgerows are most effective for pest regulation; and increasing herbaceous layer diversity can provide suitable habitats for arthropods and mitigate pest outbreaks. These results underscore the importance of vegetation management in ecological farm designs

     

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