控释与速效氮肥侧深配施比例对稻田氨挥发与温室气体排放的影响

Effect of ratios of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer to ordinary urea with side-deep application on NH3 volatilization and greenhouse gas emissions in paddy field

  • 摘要: 创新示范绿色控氨低碳减排的缓控释氮肥与速效氮肥侧深配施技术可为现代水稻安全高质生产提供新途径。本研究选用江苏省主推迟熟中粳稻‘南粳9108’和‘泰香粳1402’为材料, 以树脂包膜尿素(控释氮肥)与普通尿素(速效氮素)为氮肥, 在水稻基蘖∶穗氮肥高产运筹比例(70%∶30%)条件下, 分别设置侧深施基蘖氮肥的控释与速效氮肥配施比例(简称“控速比”)为10∶0 (D10∶0)、8∶2 (D8∶2)、6∶4 (D6∶4)、5∶5 (D5∶5)和4∶6 (D4∶6) 5个处理, 同时设置常规施氮处理(基蘖氮肥为速效氮肥撒施, FFT)与不施氮处理(0N), 分析不同控速比处理的NH3挥发、N2O和CH4排放规律和环境影响。结果表明: 1)两水稻品种不同控速比处理的全生育期NH3挥发累积损失量和排放强度随控释氮肥施用比例下降均呈先下降后上升趋势, 并均以D5∶5处理显著低于其他处理, ‘南粳9108’比FFT处理降低58.31%和61.59%, ‘泰香粳1402’降低46.72%和49.24%; 其次低的是D4∶6处理。2)两水稻品种不同控速比处理的全生育期N2O累积排放量随控释氮肥施用比例下降均呈先下降后上升趋势, 均以D5∶5处理最低, ‘南粳9108’和‘泰香粳1402’分别比FFT处理降低40.03%和34.93%, 且均显著低于其他处理; 而全生育期CH4累积排放量、全球增温潜势和温室气体排放强度均随控释氮肥施用比例下降均有呈上升趋势, 两品种CH4累积排放量均以D10∶0处理最低, ‘南粳9108’的全球增温潜势和温室气体排放强度也均以D10∶0处理最低, 而‘泰香粳1402’的全球增温潜势和温室气体排放强度均以D8:2最低, 但与D10∶0处理差异不显著, ‘南粳9108’和‘泰香粳1402’的D10∶0处理比FFT处理分别降低38.93%、37.74%、39.53%和41.30%、40.04%、41.72%。综上, 控速比5∶5可适用于粳稻高产控氨生产, 控速比10∶0则更有利于粳稻绿色低碳减排生产。

     

    Abstract: The innovative demonstration of side-deep application technology combining slow/controlled-release nitrogen (N) fertilizer with urea for low ammonia volatilization and carbon emission reduction provides a new pathway for the safe and high-quality production of modern rice. In this study, the late-maturing medium japonica rices ‘Nanjing9108’ and ‘Taixiangjing1402’, mainly popularized in Jiangsu Province, were selected as materials. Novel resin-coated urea and quick-release urea (ordinary urea) were used as N fertilizers. Under the optimal operational ratio of 70% base and tillering N fertilizers to 30% panicle N fertilizers, five treatments with different ratios of controlled-release N fertilizer to quick-release N fertilizer (herein after referred to as “controlled-to-quick ratio”) with side-deep application of base and tillering fertilizers were established: 10∶0 (D10∶0), 8∶2 (D8∶2), 6∶4 (D6∶4), 5∶5 (D5∶5), and 4∶6 (D4∶6). Additionally, conventional fertilizer application (base and tillering N fertilizers such as quick-release N fertilizer broadcasted, FFT) and no N fertilizer application (0N) treatments were established. The NH3 volatilization, N2O and CH4 emission patterns, and environmental impacts of different “controlled-to-quick ratio” treatments were analyzed. The results showed that: 1) For both rice varieties, the whole growth period cumulative NH3 volatilization and emission intensity of different “controlled-to-quick ratio” treatments first decreased and then increased as the proportion of controlled-release N fertilizer decreased, and these indicators under the D5∶5 treatment were significantly lower than the other treatments, with reductions of 58.31% and 61.59% for ‘Nanjing9108’ and 46.72% and 49.24% for ‘Taixiangjing1402’ compared to the FFT treatment. The next lowest was the D4∶6 treatment. 2) The whole growth period cumulative N2O emissions of both rice varieties also followed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing with the decreasing proportion of controlled-release N fertilizer. The whole growth period cumulative N2O emissions under D5∶5 treatment had the lowest emissions, with reductions of 40.03% and 34.93% for ‘Nanjing9108’ and ‘Taixiangjing1402’, respectively, compared to the FFT treatment, and both were significantly lower than the other treatments. However, the whole growth period cumulative CH4 emissions, global warming potential, and greenhouse gas emission intensity increased as the proportion of controlled-release N fertilizer decreased. The whole growth period cumulative CH4 emissions of the two varieties under the D10∶0 treatment was the lowest. The global warming potential, and greenhouse gas emission intensity of ‘Nanjing9108’ under the D10∶0 treatment were also the lowest, while these two indicators of ‘Taixiangjing1402’ under the D8∶2 treatment were the lowest, which showed no significant difference compared to the D10∶0 treatment. Compared to the FFT treatment, the whole growth period cumulative CH4 emissions, global warming potential, and greenhouse gas emission intensity under D10∶0 treatment decreased by 38.93%, 37.74%, and 39.53% for ‘Nanjing9108’ and 41.30%, 40.04%, and 41.72% for ‘Taixiangjing1402’. In summary, the “controlled-to-quick ratio” of 5∶5 is suitable for high-yield and ammonia-controlled production for japonica rice, while the “controlled-to-quick ratio” of 10∶0 favors green, low-carbon, and emission-reduction production.

     

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