我国优先流影响因素及其生态水文效应研究进展

Study of priority flow formation pathways and their ecohydrological effects

  • 摘要: 降水入渗是水资源循环往复利用的关键环节, 优先流是土壤水分运动中区分地表径流与地下径流的重要内容。研究优先流的形成路径与影响因素, 充分认识优先流在土壤中的运动规律, 能有效防范由优先流引起的泥石流、降雨型滑坡等地质灾害, 以及农业土壤中养分流失、地下水质污染等现象, 对提升区域水循环效率及水源涵养能力具有重要意义。本文系统分析了1996—2024年国内关于优先流的研究, 发现已有研究多集中于环境科学、林业及农业领域, 探讨的主题广泛涵盖了大孔隙结构、水库区域特性以及氮素循环等方面。影响优先流形成的要素主要包括降雨量、植被类型与土壤质地、土壤初始含水量和土壤孔隙, 在此基础上发现耕作方式通过对土壤状况的影响进而影响农田优先流现象。此外, 优先流还引发了一系列生态水文效应, 如增强水源涵养、调节径流、促进水土保持及土壤养分迁移等。对优先流的研究方法进行了总结, 发现主要研究方法为实验观测技术和数学模型方法两种, 并阐述了各类方法的优缺点。最后指出了当前优先流研究存在的若干局限性, 其中, 难以实现对土体入渗和流动现象的实时连续监测问题表现尤为突出; 提出进一步深入揭示土壤优先流运动机制的研究方向, 旨在为北方土石山区的植被重建及水源涵养能力提升提供科学依据和指导。

     

    Abstract: Precipitation infiltration serves as a pivotal link in the cyclic utilization of water resources, while preferential flow is a crucial mechanism of soil water movement that differentiates surface runoff from subsurface runoff. Investigating the formation pathways and influencing factors of preferential flow can facilitate a comprehensive understanding of its movement patterns within the soil. This understanding is vital for effectively mitigating geological hazards such as debris flows and rainfall-induced landslides triggered by preferential flow, as well as phenomena like nutrient loss in agricultural soils and groundwater quality pollution. It holds significant implications for enhancing regional water cycle efficiency and water conservation capacity. This paper systematically reviews domestic research on preferential flow in China from 1996 to 2024. It is found that existing studies predominantly concentrate in the fields of environmental science, forestry, and agriculture, covering a wide range of topics including macropore structure, reservoir area characteristics, and nitrogen cycling. The factors influencing preferential flow formation mainly encompass rainfall amount, vegetation type, soil texture, initial soil moisture content, and soil porosity. Furthermore, it has been observed that tillage practices affect preferential flow in farmland by altering soil conditions.In addition, preferential flow triggers a series of eco-hydrological effects, such as enhancing water conservation capacity, regulating runoff, promoting soil and water conservation, and facilitating soil nutrient migration. This paper summarizes the primary research methodologies employed in preferential flow studies, identifying experimental observation techniques and mathematical modeling as the two main approaches. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are elaborated upon. Finally, the paper highlights several limitations in current preferential flow research, with the challenge of achieving real-time and continuous monitoring of soil infiltration and flow phenomena being particularly prominent. It proposes future research directions that leverage cutting-edge techniques to further elucidate the mechanisms of soil preferential flow movement. The aim is to provide scientific evidence and guidance for vegetation restoration and the enhancement of water conservation capacity in key regions.

     

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